Chapter 1: Introduction

Department of Natural Resource Management and

Development
Faculty of Development Studies
 Course Content
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY TRENDS
Energy and Climate

CHAPTER 3: CAMBODIA’S ENERGY SECTOR

CHAPTER 4: ENERGY SECTOR’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE GHG
EMISSIONS
CHAPTER 5: IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTING ENERGY
SECTOR
CHAPTER 6: GHG MITIGATION IN ENERGY SECTOR
CHAPTER 7: GHG MITIGATION IN ENERGY SECTOR IN CAMBODIA
CHAPTER 8: ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
CHAPTER 9: CLIMATE FINANCING FOR ENERGY SECTOR
change

CHAPTER 10: SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN ENERGY

AND CLIMATE CHANGE GOALS IN CAMBODIA

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 Chapter Content
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Energy and Climate

1.1. Energy and modern society

1.2. Fossil energy use and climate change
1.3. Impact of climate change on energy sector
1.4. Framework and objectives of this course
change

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Energy Use Through the Ages
Prehistory to Industrial Revolution:
Heat: Direct Sun, Indirect (burnt biomass)
Mechanical/Transport Systems: Biological
(water, wind, animals)
Units used: 1 horsepower (746 Watts
= 746 Joules/sec).
Early Industrial Revolution (1800s):
Fossil Fuels (coal)  Steam Engine.
Units used: 1 BTU (1055 Joules).

Late Industrial Revolution (1880s):

Fossil Fuels (gasoline)
 Turbines  Electricity.
 Internal Combution  cars.
Units used: MegaJoules, MegaWatts.
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 Energy Use Effects Population

each dot represents

1 million people

Settlements in Fertile Crescent, Asia, shore regions.

John H. Tanton, "End of the Migration Epoch,"
reprinted by The Social Contract, Vol IV, No 3 and Vol. V, No. 1, 1995.

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Population Increases Gradually.

More settlement in temperate shore regions.

Organized Agriculture  reduction of forests.
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Pre-Industrial Age Population

Forests depleted in Europe, Asia.

Wind power also in use for transport.
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Dawn of Industrial Age.

Fossil Fuels  coal.

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Industrial Age

Fossil FuelsElectricity in use for Industry, Transport,

Food, Medicine.
Allows previously non-habitable areas to be settled.

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Post WWII

Gasoline/Diesel in use for transport.

Nuclear power introduced.
Population spreads through commercial air transport.
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The Recent Past, and Today.

Improvements in efficiency (agriculture, medicine,transport).

Air conditioning allows arid climates to be settled.
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The Near Future

Energy effectively decoupled from geography.

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Why Fossil Fuels?
What’s so special about fossil fuels?
Energy content.
Gasoline: 115,000 BTU/gal = 120 MJoules/gal
Coal: 15,000 BTU/lb = 15 MJoules/lb
Compare to:
Wood: 7,500 BTU/lb = 7.5 MJoules/lb
A “horse” (working 1 hour) = 2.5 MJoules.
A human … = 0.2 MJoules

Fossil Fuels deliver lots of energy

in a small volume.
Fossil Fuels are transportable.
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How Do Fossil Fuels Work?

CH4 Methane, the simplest Hydrocarbon,

burns (well, all hydrocarbons burn):

Burning is a process of combining with oxygen.

1 Methane + 2 O2  2 H20 + CO2 + Energy

Hydrocarbons burn fast.

Hydrocarbon burning releases water and CO2

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More Hydrocarbons

2 Carbon Atoms 3 Carbon Atoms 4 Carbon Atoms

ETHANE PROPANE BUTANE

And so on.
Five Carbon Atoms give you PENTANE.
Six Carbon Atoms give you HEXANE.
Seven give you HEPTANE.
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Bigger is Better

The bigger the hydrocarbons get:

- The more energy per molecule you get from burning.

- The easier it is to Liquefy them.

Methane is very difficult to liquefy.

Propane will liquefy at 40 below zero.
Butane will liquefy on a cold winter day.
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The World’s Favorite Hydrocarbon

Octane: Eight Carbons.

The main ingredient in
gasoline.

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Energetics of Human Societies
 We are currently living off of stored energy capital of millions of years ago.
 The storage of organic matter in sediments and fossil deposits created
the concentration of petrochemical fossil fuels

 There are low and high level societies which require different levels of energy
consumption to maintain their needs:
 MDC are high
 LDC are low

 The oil crises of the early 1970s marked a transition where we began to
realize the social, political and economics costs of such a heavy dependence
on petroleum.

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History of oil prices

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The current global energy system
is dominated by fossil fuels.

Shares of energy sources in total global primary energy supply in 2008

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World energy use

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 Chapter Content
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Energy and Climate

1.1. Energy and modern society

1.2. Fossil energy use and climate change
1.3. Impact of climate change on energy sector
1.4. Framework and objectives of this course
change

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Demand for energy services is increasing.

GHG emissions resulting from the provision of energy

services contribute significantly to the increase in atmospheric
GHG concentrations.
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Greenhouse gases
CO2: carbon dioxide: fuel combustion – long-lived ( >> 100 years ) 57% (IPCC2007)
E.g. Petrol for transport: C8H18 + 8 O2 -> 9 H2O + 8 CO2 + Heat
Natural gas: CH4 + O2 -> 2H2O + CO2 + Heat
Coal: CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 → (n+1) H2O + n CO2 + Heat
CO2: Agriculture, forestry and land use 17%
Deforestation, decay, peat and fires
CH4: methane: oil + gas extraction, agriculture – short-lived (10 Years -> CO2) 14%
Oil + gas industry: drilling, leaks, flaring
Agriculture: cattle farming
Waste
N2O: (130 years) 8%
Agriculture and fossil fuel combustion
F-gases 1%
HFCs, PFCs, SF6

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 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
Estimated shares of global anthropogenic GHG, 2014 World primary energy supply and CO2 emissions:
shares by fuel in 2015

IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion 2017 25

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 CO2 emissions by sector and trends
World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by Trend in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
sector, 2015 combustion, 1870-2014

IEA CO2 emissions from fuel combustion 2017 26

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Sources of CO2 emissions by sector

IPCC AR5 WGIII Technical Summary p14 (2014) 27

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Potential emissions from remaining fossil resources
could result in GHG concentration levels far above
600ppm.

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 Chapter Content
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Energy and Climate

1.1. Energy and modern society

1.2. Fossil energy use and climate change
1.3. Impact of climate change on energy sector
1.4. Framework and objectives of this course
change

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Impact of climate change on energy
 70% of GHGs come from electricity generation, from
industry, buildings and transport.
 If we continue as we are today, economic and
population growth will imply tripling of emissions.
 But climate is changing anyway and we have to take
measures to adapt to it.
 The energy sector is very vulnerable to this change.

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Effect of climate change on energy sector

Demand-side issues  Changes to energy usage patterns (heating and cooling)

 Health effects of heat and cold (including death) due to access
and affordability
 Peaking demand due to extreme weather events
 Changing energy needs of other sectors, including water
supply
Supply-side issues  Renewable energy availability (wind, photovoltaic,
geothermal, hydroelectric, and bioenergy, etc.)
 Water availability and shift to power plant thermal cooling
alternatives
 Potential supply disruptions (reliability)
 Stress on physical infrastructure from variable and extreme
weather
 Impact of variable demand on utility revenues and risks

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Further Reading
- Podobnik , B.,1999 “Toward a Sustainable Energy Regime: A
Long-Wave Interpretation of Global Energy Shifts”.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 62, 155-172.

- Wilson & Grubler, 2011, “Lessons from the history of

technological change for clean energy scenarios and policies”.
Natural Resources Forum 35, 165-184.

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Reference
IPCC (2015). Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN)
http://www.ipcc.ch/report/srren/

IPCC AR5 WGI (2013), IPCC AR5 WGIII (2014)

Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Work Group 1: The physical sciences basis (2013), http://www.ipcc.ch
Work Group 3: Mitigation of Climate Change (2014)

IEA (2017). CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion 2017

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustion2017Overv
iew.pdf

BP (2017). 2017 Energy Outlook

https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2017/bp-energy-outlook-
2017.pdf

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Thank for your attention