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Dielectric Properties
Dielectric Properties
Introduction
Dielectrics are the materials having electric dipole moment permantly.
q -q
X
All dielectrics are electrical insulators and they are mainly used to store
electrical energy.
+ _ _
+
+
_
+ _
+ _
+ _
Dielectric atom
Dielectric Constant
Polarizability:
q x i i
P i 1
V
Electric flux Density (D):
Electric flux density is defined as charge per unit area and it has
same units of dielectric polarization.
Electric flux density D at a point in a free space or air in terms of
Electric field strength is
D0 0 E - - (1)
i.e, D 0E P - - (3)
Using equations 2 & 3 we get
E 0 E P
( - 0 ) E P
(or) ( r . 0 - 0 ) E P
( r 1) 0 .E P
Electric susceptibility:
The polarization vector P is proportional to the
total electric flux density and direction of electric
field.
Therefore the polarization vector can be written
P 0 e E
P
e
0E
0 ( r 1) E
0E
e r 1
Various polarization processes:
e E
or
e e E
where ‘αe’ is called electronic Polarizability constant
It increases with increase of volume of the atom.
This kind of polarization is mostly exhibited in Monatomic
gases.
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
e ____ 10-40 F m2
0.18 0.35 1.46 2.18 3.54
When electron cloud and nucleus get shifted from their normal
positions, an attractive force b/w them is created and the
seperation continuous until columbic force FC is balanced with
Lorentz force FL, Finally a new equilibriums state is
established.
E
+Ze x
Ze
4 3
R
3
- Ze represents the total charge in the sphere.
ze 3
3
x - - - - - (1)
R
qe .q p ze.x3 z 2e 2 x
ze
1 1
Now Fc .
2
- - - - - (2)
40 x2 40 x R 3
40 R 3
Force experienced by displaced nucleus in EF of Strength E
is FL = Eq = ZeE -----(3)
FL Fc
z 2e 2 x
ZeE - - - - - (4)
40 R 3
zex
E
40 R 3
e 40 R 3
x1 x2
+
_
+ _
+ _
+ _
Restoring force constant depend upon the mass of the ion and
natural frequency and is given by
F eE m.w02 x
or
eE
x
m.w02
x1 x2 2 m M
eE 1 1
w0
Where ‘M’ mass of anion and ‘m’ is mass of cat ion
e2 E 1 1
ionic e( x1 x2 ) 2 m M
w0
ionic e2 1 1
or ionic 2 m M
E w0
How ever the net dipole moment is negligibly small since all
the molecular dipoles are oriented randomly when there is no
EF. In the presence of the electric field these all dipoles orient
them selves in the direction of field as a result the net dipole
moment becomes enormous.
It occurs at a frequency 106 Hz to 1010Hz.
It is slow process compare to ionic
polarization.
It greatly depends on temperature.
Expression for orientation polarization
N . or
2
ie.E
Po N .or ie N . o .E
3kT
or
2
o ie
3kT
P
E2 ...........(2)
0
Field E3:
E3 is the field intensity at A due to the atoms
contained in the cavity, we are assuming a cubic
structure, so E3 = 0.
+ + +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ A +
_ d r _
_ _
r R
E _ _
_ p q
dA _ _ _
_ _
Field E4:
1.This is due to polarized charges on the surface of
the spherical cavity.
dA 2 . pq.qR
dA 2 .r sin .rd
dA 2 .r sin d
2
dq p cos dA
dq 2r p cos . sin .d
2
3.The field due to this charge at A, denoted by dE4 is given by
1
dq
dE4
40 r 2
1dq cos
The field in θ = 0 direction dE4
40 r2
1
dE4 ( 2r 2
p cos . sin .d ) cos
40 r 2
P
dE4 cos 2 . sin .d
2 0
P
. sin .d
2
cos
2 0 0
P x 3 1 P 1 1
( )1 ( )
2 0 3 2 0 3
P
E4
3 0
The internal field or Lorentz field can be written as
Ei E1 E2 E3 E4
p p p
Ei ( E ) 0
o o 3 o
p
Ei E
3 o
Classius – Mosotti relation:
Consider a dielectric material having cubic structure
, and assume ionic Polarizability & Orientational
polarizability are zero..
i 0 0
polarizati on..P N
P N e Ei ......where., e Ei
P
where., Ei E
3 0
P N e Ei
P
P N e ( E )
3 0
P
P N e E N e
3 0
P
P N e N e E
3 0
N e
P (1 ) N e E
3 0
N e E
P ...................(1)
N e
(1 )
3 0
We known that the polarizati on vector
P 0 E ( r 1)............(2)
from eq n s (1) & (2)
N e E
0 E ( r 1)
N e
(1 )
3 0
N e N e E
1
3 0 0 E ( r 1)
N e N e E
1
3 0 0 E ( r 1)
N e N e
1
3 0 0 ( r 1)
N e 3
1 (1 )
3 0 r 1
N e 1
3 0 (1
3
)
r 1
N e r 1
...... Classius Mosotti relation
3 0 r 2
Ferro electric materials or Ferro electricity
Ferro electric crystals exhibit spontaneous
polarization I.e. electric polarization with out
electric field.
Ferro electric crystals possess high dielectric
constant.
each unit cell of a Ferro electric crystal carries
a reversible electric dipole moment.