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Directional Drilling
Directional Drilling
Lesson 18
Directional Drilling
Lesson 10 - Directional Drilling
When is it used?
Type I Wells (build and hold)
Type II Wells (build, hold and drop)
Type III Wells (build)
Directional Well Planning & Design
Survey Calculation Methods
Homework:
READ. “Applied Drilling Engineering”
Ch. 8, pp. 351-363
Examples: Slanted holes, high angle holes (far from vertical), and Horizontal holes.
Non-Vertical q, a or I
Wellbore
Inclination Angle
Z Axis (True Vertical
Depth)
North
Direction
Angle f, e or A
Direction Plane X
Lease Boundary
Houses
Figure 8.2 - Plan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a lake showing how
directional wells could be used to develop it. Best locations? Drill from lake?
Top View
Sidetracked Hole
Around Fish
Figure 8.6 -
Sidetracking
around a fish.
Figure 8.7 -
Using an old Oil Producing Well
well to explore Ready to Abandon
for new oil by Sidetracked
sidetracking Out of Casing
out of the
casing and Possible
New Oil
drilling
Old Oil Reservoir
directionally.
Type II
Build-hold and Drop (“S Type”)
Type I Build and Build-hold Drop and/or Hold
Hold Type (Modified “S” Type)
Build Section
Build Radius:
18,000
r1
* BUR
Build Section:
ofarc,L1 r1θ 1
Length
Vert C'D' r1sinθ 1
icaldepth
Horiz.dev. DD' r1(1 cosθ 1)
L1 100
r1
θ1 θ * π
1
180
18,000
r1
rad deg * BUR
Start of Buildup
End of Build
Type II
Drop Off
Target
Maximum
Inclination
Angle
Build-hold-and
drop for the case Drop Off
where:
Target
r1 x 3 and r1 r2 x 4
Projected Trajectory Projected Trajectory
with Left Turn to Hit
Targets
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Fig. 8-15.
Directional
quadrants and
compass
measurements
N55W
S20W o
A = 305
Projected Well Path
Lead Angle
Surface
Location
for Well
No. 2
Target at a
Lake TVD 9,659
2500’
Imax
TVD1 12,500’
10,000’
HD1
Imax
4,500’
0’
Uniform 1’30”
Increase in Drift
per 100 ft of hole
drilled
o
10,000’ Try Imax = 27 ??
Vert.
Depth
8,356
MD at 25.5 2,500 1,700
cos 25.5
13,458'
MD 13,500'
Type II Pattern
D D x 2 (D D ) 2 2(r r ) x
q max 2 tan 1 4 1 4 4 1 1 2 4
2(r1 r2 ) x 4
10,000 4,500 2
10,000 2
2(3,820)4,500
2 tan
-1
2(3,820) 4,500
q max 26.3
(ii) Measured Depth of Well
x Build r1 (1 cos q )
3,820(1 - cos 26.3 )
395 ft
x Hold 4,500 395
4,105 ft
L Hold sin q 4,105
L Hold 9,265 ft
(ii) Measured Depth of
Well
26.3
2,500 3,820 9,265
180
MD 13,518 ft
Horizontal
N View
Vertical
View
We may plan a 2-D well, but we always
get a 3D well (not all in one plane)
MD, a1, e1
DMD
b = dogleg
angle a 2, e2
economical
For soft formation
One large - two
small nozzles
Orient large nozzle
Spud periodically
No rotation at first
Jetting
Wash out pocket
Return to normal
drilling
Survey
Repeat for more
angle if needed
Mud Motors
Drillpipe
Non-magnetic
Drill Collar
Bent Sub
Mud Motor
Rotating
Sub
Increasing Inclination
Limber assembly
Near bit stabilizer
Weight on bit forces
DC to bend to low
side of hole.
Bit face kicks up
Hold Inclination
Packed hole
assembly
Stiff assembly
Control bit weight
and RPM
Decrease Inclination
Pendulum effect
Gravity pulls bit
downward
No near bit stabilizer
Packed Hole Assemblies
Drill
String String String NB
pipe
Stabilizer Stabilizer Stabilizer Stab
Monel
HW DP Steel DC Steel DC DC
Vertical Calculation Horizontal Calculation
3D View Dog Leg Angle
Deflecting Wellbore Trajectory
0
270 90
180
Bottom Hole Location
Direction : N 53 E
Distance : 2,550 ft
TVD : 10,000
E 2,550 sin 53
2,037 ft
N 2,550 cos 53
1,535 ft
Closure 2,550 E 2 N2
E
Closure Direction tan -1 53 o
N
Survey Calculation Methods
1. Tangential Method
= Backward Station Method
= Terminal Angle Method
B
Poor accuracy!!
IB
Average Angle Method
= Angle Averaging Method
IB IA IB
Iav g
IAVG 2
B A A AB
A av g
IAVG 2
A Average Angle Method
Vertical Plane:
IA
IA IB
IB Iav g
2
IAVG
VAB AB cos Iav g
B HAB AB sinIav g
IAVG
N Average Angle Method
Horizontal Plane:
B DE AB sinIav g sin A av g
AAVG DN AB sinIav g cos A av g
DN
AA DZ AB cos Iav g
DE
E
A
Change in position towards the east:
IA IB A A AB
Dx DE L sin sin ..(1)
2 2
Change in position towards the north:
IA IB A A AB
Dy DN L sin cos ..( 2)
2 2
Change in depth:
IA IB
DZ L cos ..( 3 )
2
Where L is the measured distance
between the two stations A & B.
Example
The coordinates of a point in a wellbore are:
x = 1000 ft (easting)
y = 2000 ft (northing)
z = 3000 ft (depth)
Find x2 , y2 and z2
Solution
I1 I2 15 25
Iav g 20
2 2
A 1 A 2 45 65
A av g 55
2 2
H12 = L12 sin Iavg = 300 sin 20 = 103 ft
DE = H12 sin Aavg = 103 sin 55 = 84 ft
DN = H12 cos Aavg = 103 cos 55 = 59 ft
DZ = L12 cos Iavg = 300 cos 20 = 282 ft
Solution - cont’d
DE = 84 ft
DN = 59 ft
DZ = 282 ft
x2 = x1 + DE = 1,000 + 84 ft = 1,084 ft
y2 = y1 + DN = 2,000 + 59 ft = 2,059 ft
z2 = z1 + DZ = 3,000 + 282 ft = 3,282 ft