Alveolar Bone

SDM

Dept. Of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Structure of Bone
Cortex

Medulla
Cells
Cells
Parts of bone
Periosteum &Endosteum
Types of lamellae
Harvesian system
VolKman canal
Cells of bone
Matrix
Marrow tissue
 Immature Bone Mature bone

Woven/bundle/Coarse fibred Lamellated/fine fibred

Increase osteocytes Less osteocytes- small

-larger

Lacunae-Wider Lacunae-smaller

Randomly arranged Osteon

Fibres-thick ,bundles Thin, slender, regular

arrangement, lamellae

Ground substance is more Less

Parts of bone
Periosteum &Endosteum
Types of lamellae
Harvesian system
Volkman canal
Cells of bone
Matrix
Marrow tissue
Gross appearance

Compact
Cancellous
 Definition

“Alveolar Bone is that part of maxilla & mandible

that forms & supports the teeth”
“Alveolar process is that bone of the jaws
containing the sockets for the teeth”
 Function

It furnishes a media for attachment of

periodontal ligament

Undergoes continous remodelling in

adaptation to occlusal forces.
 Tooth Dependent
For its development & maintenance
Morphology of Alv. Bone depends on
Size
Shape

position of teeth

If teeth are lost, Alv bone undergoes atrophy

If teeth congenitally missing – Alv. Bone not developed
 Parts of alveolar bone
Sockets which hold the teeth -Alveolus

Rim Alv. crest

Alveolus

Floor

Fundus
 Boundaries

No distinct boundary

Certain areas Alveolar bone fused with basal bone

Anterior maxillary region

Posterior Mandibular region.

 Alveolar Bone

Cortical Plate
Central spongiosa

Bone lining the alveolus

 Structure
Two Parts:

Alveolar Bone proper:

Thin lamellated bone that surrounds the root of the tooth
Gives attachment to the PDL Fibres

Supporting alveolar Bone:

Surrounds the alveolar bone Proper
Gives support to the socket
 Alveolar Bone proper

That lines the socket

Forms the inner wall

Two Parts:
That facing the PDL –
Bundle bone
Cribriform plate
Lamina Dura
Lamellated Bone
That facing towards PDL

Immature bone
Undergoes continous remodelling

Tooth
PL
 Cribriform plate

Anatomical name
Resembles a fine holed sieve
Perforated by – foramina
Transmit nerves &Vessels
Holes – Volkman’s Canals
Cribriform plate
 Bundle Bone

Histologic Name
Provides attachment to PDL fibres
Bundles of Principle fibres are inserted as- Sharpey’s fibres
 Lamina dura
Radiologic name
Alv bone –appears as radiopaque line
Due to overlapping effect of X-Rays
Histology of Bundle bone
 Lamellated bone

Continous with supporting alveolar bone

Mature bone
 Supporting alveolar bone

Two Parts
Cortical Bone
Spongiosa
 Cortical Bone

Compact bone
Forms inner &outer plates of the
alveolar process
Variations:
Maxilla –thinner

Mandible -Thicker

Premolar, Molar region –Thicker

Anterior region -Thin
 Buccal cortical plate – Thick
Lingual Cortical plate -Thinner

Relation to Local anaesthesia

 maxilla  Mandible
 perforated by many openings  Dense cortical plate
Infiltration is sufficient Nerve Blocks required
 Histology

Lamellated Bone
 Spongiosa

Fills space betn. ABP and Cortical bone

Variations;
Maxilla –More
Mandible -Less

In ant region –both jaws :

Spongiosa is absent

Cortical plate is fused with ABP

 Histology
Lamellated thin bone
More marrow spaces:
Yellow or fatty marrow
Red marrow seen in :
Condylar process
Angle of mandible
Maxillary tuberosity
Symphsis Menti
 Interdental septum

found between two teeth

Large or Small –Gap between the teeth
 Interradicular septum

Between two roots

Alveolar bone not fused –contain spongiosa
 Alveolar Crest
Rim of the socket
Most prominent border of interdental septum

Rim Alv. crest

Alveolus

Floor
 Shape of Alveolar Crest

Usually follows cervical line

position of adjacent teeth
Degree of eruption
Buccolingual width of the teeth
Enamel contour
 Relationship with CEJ

1.5-2mm apical to CEJ

Relation always maintained &Is constant

Attrition
Inclination
 Arrangement of Trabeculae

Present in Spongiosa
More in max than in Mand

When masticatory stresses When masticatory stresses

decrease –
increase –less spongiosa ,
more spongiosa , thin CP
thick CP
 Two types –R/A
Type I
Trabeculae –
Regular
Horizontal
Thick
Ladderlike

Mandible
Trajectorial pattern
Along lines of stress
Type II

Irregular
Fine/Delicate
No specific arrangement
thin

Maxila
No trajectory pattern’\,More
marrow soace
 Nutrient Canals
Zuckerkandl &Herschfeld
Interdental &Interradicular septum
Contain –BV, lymph vessels and nerves
Appear as radioluscent linera shadows
Parallel to long axis of tooth
Transalveolar Fiberes

Sharpey;s fibres pass straight

through
Continous with adj.tooth
 Histologic changes in Alv.
Bone
Development
maximum thickness –when teeth reach
occlusion
Loss of teeth – Atrophy
Residual alv. ridge
growth of jaws

Mesial drifting
 Functions

supportive
Protective
Heamatopoietic
Calcium Homeostasis

Reserve tissue For PDL

 Clinical Considerations

Maxillary teeth
Easy to extract
Infiltration is sufficient
Infection in alv. Bone –
R/F- loss of lamina dura

Periodontal disease –
Destruction of Alv.Bone
Orthodontic Treatment –
Plasticity of the bone

Cyst and tumours

Effect of hormones –Hypo /Hyperparathyroidism

 Osteoblast
Line the bone surface
Types- active& Resting
No continous arrangement
Uneven distribution

Seperated from bone –thin rim of osteoid

Modified Endosteum
 Osteoclast

Cells that resorb bone

Multinucleated cells (2-10) , can be mononucleated
Origin: Fusion of Circulating monocytes
Location: Howships lacunae- bay like recesses
Arrangement –usually in clusters

Content: Abundant golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes but

little RER.
Acid phosphatase
Function – resorb bone
Morphologic Characteristics
Ruffled/ Striated border
Clear zone
 Electron Microscopy

Sequence of events;
 Removal of mineral/inorganic Matrix
 Degradation of org. matrix