Data Base Management System

Presented by-
Babita Sharma
 What is Data?
• By data we mean known facts and figures that
can be recorded and has an implicit meaning.
A data can be said as raw information about
anything.

Data Processing Information

 What is Database?
• A database is a collection of related data
organised in a way that data can be easily
accessed, managed and updated.
 What is Normalization?
• Database normalization or normalization is
the process of organizing the columns
(attributes) and tables (relations) of a
relational database to minimize data
redundancy.
 Aims of Normalization
• It ensures that the database is structured in
the best possible way.
• To achieve control over data redundancy.
There should be no unnecessary duplication
of data in different tables.
• To ensure Data consistency.
• To ensure tables have a flexible structure. Eg.
Number of classes taken or books borrowed
should not be limited.
 First Normal Form (1NF)
• No two Rows of data must contain repeating
group of information i.e. each set of column
must have a unique value, such that multiple
columns cannot be used to fetch the same
row.
• Each table should be organized into rows, and
each row should have a primary key that
distinguishes it as unique.
 For Example:
• Student Table: • Student Table following
1NF will be:
Student Age Subject Student Age Subject

Adam 15 Biology, Adam 15 Biology

Maths
Alex 14 Maths Adam 15 Maths

Stuart 17 Maths
Alex 14 Maths

Stuart 17 Maths
 Second Normal Form(2NF)
• New Student Table • New Subject introduced
following 2NF will be: for 2NF will be:

Student Age Student Subject

Adam 15 Adam Biology
Alex 14 Adam Maths
Stuart 17 Alex Maths
Stuart Maths
Architecture of DBMS
• External Level- It is the user’s view of the
database. External view is the one which is
closest to the end users. This level deals with the
way in which individual users view data.
• Conceptual Level- It is the community view of the
database. This level describes what data is stored
in database and the relationship among the data.
This level contains the logical structure of the
entire database.
• Internal Level- It is the physical representation of
the database on the computer. This level
describes how the data is stored in the in the
database. The internal level covers the physical
implementation of the database to achieve
optimal runtime performance and storage space
utilization.
• Instances- The collection of information
stored in the database at a particular moment
is called an instance of the database.
• Schema- The overall design of the database is
called the database schema. It defines how
the data is organized and the relations among
them are associated. The schema will remain
the same while the values filled into it will
change from time to time.
Thank You