 Introduction

 Concept of Electrophile
 Nitration in benzene
 Nitration in Toluene
 Nitration of alkanes
 Applications
 Conclusion
 Nitration is a general class of chemical process for the introduction
of a nitro group into an organic chemical compound.
 Nitration simply means that we are adding a nitro group to an
aromatic (or benzene) ring.
 In technical terms, nitration is actually part of a reaction type
known as electrophilic substitutions.
 In order for the reaction to take place, we need two things: an
electrophile (electron acceptor) and a nucleophile (electron
donor). In the context of EAS, the nucleophile is always the aromatic
ring itself, and in this case the electrophile is actually our nitro
group.
 In electrophilic substitution reaction, we will be substituting a
hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring for another functional group. In
this case, it's the nitro group that we are adding (or substituting) in
place of one of the hydrogens.
50oC
250-
400oC
 Some of the important nitrating agents are listed below ;
 Fuming , concentrated and , and aqueous nitric acid
 Mixtures of nitric acid with sulfuric acid, acetic acid acetic,
anhydride, phosphoric acid, and chloroform
 Nitrogen pentoxide
 Nitrogen tetroxide
Aromatic rings that contain nitro groups can be very useful, so let's
take a look at some examples of how they can be utilized.
 Used as explosives
 Importance of Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
 Solvents
 Dyestuffs
 Pharmaceuticals
 https://www.slideshare.net/Ali1Hassan/nitration-58149507
 http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/notes/notes_14D_EAS01.pdf
 https://glosbe.com/en/en/nitration%20agent
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/nitration-reaction-
products.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitration