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Chemistry
Transition Metals
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
20_432
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
*Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
† Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
20_435
0.2
La
1st series (3d)
Y 2nd series (4d)
Hf 3rd series (5d)
Atomic radii (n m)
Zr
Sc Ta
Au
Nb W Ag
0.15 Re
Mo Os Pt
Ti Tc Ru Ir
V Rh Pd
Cr Fe Cu
Mn Co Ni
0.1
Atomic number
Multiple Oxidation States
Metallic Behavior/Reducing Strength
Lower oxidation state = more metallic
Color and Magnetism
Valence-state EN:
metal in higher oxidation state
is more positive
has stronger pull on electrons
is more electronegative
“Effective EN”
Manganese
Silver
Weak Reducing Agent, H2Q
Mercury
Coordination Compound
Consist of a complex ion and necessary counter ions
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
Co(NH3)63+
Pt(NH3)3Br+
Ligands
Molecule or ion having a lone electron pair that
can be used to form a bond to a metal ion
(Lewis base).
coordinate covalent bond: metal-ligand bond
K2[Co(NH3)2Cl4]
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
Names of Coordination Compounds
1.Cation then anion
2.Ligands
in alphabetical order before metal ion
neutral: molecule name*
anionic: -ide -o
prefix indicates number of each
3.Oxidation state of metal ion in () only if more
than one possible
potassium diamminetetrachlorocobaltate(II)
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
tetraamminedichlorocobalt(III) chloride
20_441
Isomers
(same formula but different properties)
Structural Stereoisomers
isomers (same bonds, different
(different bonds) spatial arrangements)
Geometric
Coordination Linkage Optical
(cis-trans)
isomerism isomerism isomerism
isomerism
Structural Isomerism 1
Coordination isomerism:
Composition of the complex ion varies.
[Cr(NH3)5SO4]Br
and [Cr(NH3)5Br]SO4
Structural Isomerism 2
Ligand isomerism:
Same complex ion structure but point of
attachment of at least one of the ligands differs.
[Co(NH3)4(NO2)Cl]Cl
and [Co(NH3)4(ONO)Cl]Cl
Linkage Isomers
[Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2
Pentaamminenitrocobalt(III) Pentaamminenitritocobalt(III)
chloride chloride
Stereoisomerism 1
Geometric isomerism (cis-trans):
Pt(NH3)2Cl2
20_444
Cl
Cl
H3N NH 3
H3N NH3
Co Co
Cl NH 3
Cl Cl
Co Co
Cl
Cl
(a) (b)
Stereoisomerism 2
Optical isomerism:
20_446
Tube
containing
Unpolarized
sample
light
Polarized
light
Rotated
polarized light
20_448
Mirror image
of right hand
Left hand Right hand
20_449
N N
Mirror image
Co
N N of Isomer I
N
N N
N N N N
Co Co
N N N N
Isomer I Isomer II
N N
20_450
Cl Isomer I N Isomer II N
Assumptions
1.Ligands: negative point charges
2.Metal-ligand bonding: entirely ionic
t2g (d xz, d yz, d xy)
[Cr(NH3)6]3+ [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+s
20_459
Tetrahedral Complexes
– dz 2 dx2 – y2
– –
– –– –
– –
–
E
E dxy dxz dyz
dz2
dxy dx2 - y2
dxz dyz
Free metal ion Complex
Free metal ion Complex
M
M z
y
(a) (b)