AN OVERVIEW OF

COMPUTERS &
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Week
 An Overview of
Computers & Programming
Languages
• Computer Organization

• The Evolution of Programming

Languages
 Introduction To
Computer
• Computers have greatly affected our daily lives— helping us
complete many tasks.

• 1950s: Very large devices available to a select few.

• 1960s: Large corporations owned computers.

• 1970s: Computers got smaller and cheaper.

• 1990s: Computers got cheaper and faster and were found in

most homes.
 Computer Organization

Computer System Organization

Hardware Software
•CPU •System Programs
•Main Memory (RAM) •Application Programs
•Secondary Storage
•I/O Device
Hardware Components
of a Computer
 Hardware Components
of a Computer – motherboard
adapter cards
processor chip

memory chips

memory slots

Expansion
slots for
adapter cards motherboard
 Hardware Components of a Computer - CPU

CU

IR

C PC
Input Output
Devices P ACC
U Devices
ALU

Main Memory

Storage Devices
 Hardware Components of a Computer

CPU RAM
Brain of the Temporary memory,
computer, most volatile, directly
expensive, the connected to the
faster computer. CPU, using
CPU components– memory cells unit.
control unit,
program counter,
register instruction,
arithmetic logic
unit, accumulator.
 Hardware Components of a Computer

SECONDARY STORAGE

•Provides permanent storage for

information.
•Examples of secondary storage:
•Hard disks
•Floppy disks
•Zip disks
•CD-ROMs
•Tapes.
Hardware Components of a Computer
INPUT DEVICES

Sheet-fed
 Hardware Components of a Computer

OUTPUT DEVICES
 Software

Software consists of System software

programs written to •System programs control the computer.
perform specific •The operating system is first to load when
tasks. you turn on a computer.
•Eg – memory management, I/O activities,
Two types– System storage management.
software and
Application Application software
software •Perform a specific task such as word
processors, games, Java,…
•All application programs are written
using computer programming language.
 Language of a Computer
• When you press a key  what happen to computer memory?
What is the language of the computer?
Step 1. Step 2.
Press D Electronic signal for
(shift+D) on D is tranferred to system
keyboard unit.

Step 4.
After process, binary code for
letter D is changed to image
and display at output devices.
Step 3.
Signal for letter D changed to ASCII code (
inbinary code) (01000100) and saved in
memory for processing.

p. 4.15 Fig. 4-16 Next

 American Standard Code for Computer
International Change (ASCII)
The ASCII data set  128 characters (0 until 127)
Character A in ASCII  01000001

p. 4.15 Fig. 4-16 Next

 Programming Languages
Language Description Examples Interpreter
Machine Instruction in 011100001 None
0 and 1 bits 1000001

Assembly Instruction in LOAD 3 assembler

mnemonic code STOR 4
ADD
High-level Similar to Marks = Pengkompil &/
human assignment interpreter
language, + exam
FORTRAN,
COBOL, Pascal,
C, C++, Java…
 High Level Language - JAVA

– Java instructions need to be translated into an

intermediate language called bytecode.

– The bytecode is interpreted into a particular

machine language.
• Bytecode is different from other mesin language
because it can read by Java Virtual Machine.
• With JVM, bytecode Java independent to
computer, platform or OS (machine independent)
 Processing a Java Program
• Using Editor, write Java code using Java syntax
source code
• Compile the source code for correctness of syntax
and translate into bytecode
• Run the program A program in JDK library which
called Linker links the bytecode with necessary code
residing in the library.
• Loader: Transfers the compiled code (bytecode) into
main memory
• Interpreter : Reads and translates each bytecode
instruction into machine language and then executes it
 Processing a Java Program

program editor Loader

compiler interpreter

bytecode

library linker