ORGANIC

ELECTRONICS
Presented by:

Raghulal Sethumadhavan
Roll no.: 7627
Class: H7

Guided by: Dr. N.E. Jaffar

INTRODUCTION
• Branch of electronics that deals with conductive
polymers, plastics, or small molecules which are
carbon-based.
• As opposed to traditional electronics (or metal
electronics) which relies on inorganic conductors
such as Cu or Si.
• Includes organic semiconductors, organic
dielectrics, conductors and light emitters.
• New applications include smart windows, rollable
displays, electronic paper, etc.
.
HISTORY
• In the 1950s, it was discovered that polycyclic
aromatic compounds formed semi-conducting
charge transfer complex salts with halogens
• This finding indicated that organic compounds
could carry current.
• Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, and Hideki
Shirakawa are credited for the "discovery and
development" of conductive polymers and were
jointly awarded Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2000
Why Organic Electronics?
• Organic Electronics products are lighter,
more flexible
• Less expensive than their inorganic
counterparts
• These are Biodegradable, being made
from carbon
• Possible to achieve flexible structures
• Performance
Comparison between Organic and inorganic
Electronics
Technology growth
 Conducting Polymers

1977: First conducting

polymer was found,
Poly(acetylene)
By Shirakawa, MacDiarmid,
Heeger

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Conduction in Most Organic
Semiconductors
• Van der Walls forces hold molecules together
• Charge hopping, the major factor limiting mobility, takes
place from molecule to molecule
• Phonons help e-’s hop, therefore increasing mobility
• Mobility increases with temperature because of
phonons
• Polarons, which appear as midgap states, decrease
mobility
• Highly ordered structures and arrangement may
facilitate the intermolecular hopping process
Structures of some conjugated polymers

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Organic Electronic Devices

a.Flexible, microscale transistors

patterned on a plastic substrate.

b. The first organic SRAM

module, capable of storing 16kb
in a small, plastic package,
produced by Epson.

c. A low-cost black and white

display
technology, pioneered by E-Ink

d. One of the most exciting

applications envisioned for
organic circuits -- roll-up
displays.
(Cont.)
RFID tags

Inexpensive printed Radio Frequency

IDentification (RFID) tags will replace
barcodes
in some applications, giving packaging details
and a great deal of self-information.

Organic transistors and memory

Organic transistors and memories will create

new classes of products ranging from
multifunction smartcards to pharmaceutical
packaging and could also create new
opportunities
for the game, toy and greeting cards
businesses.
Organic Thin-film-transistors (OTFTS)
• OTFTs are transistors created using thin films,
usually of conjugated polymers deposited on glass.

• Here the source and drain electrodes are directly

deposited onto the conducting channel, then a thin film
of insulator is deposited in between

• OTFTs active layers can be thermally evaporated and

deposited at much lower temperatures (i.e. 60° C)
Organic TFT tightness
• Benefits
o Does not require a glass
substrate as amorphous
silicon does
o Low temperature manufacture
o Could be made on a piece of
plastic
o Deposition techniques could
reduce costs dramatically
• Challenges
o Workarounds for complications
with photoresists
o Finding organic semiconductors
with high enough mobilities &
switching times
Applications
 OTFTs for active-matrix displays
 Flexible view screens
 New generations of smart cards
 Organic Solar Cells
 Large-area display electronics
Organic Light Emitting Diode-OLED
•An OLED is a thin-film LED in
which the emissive layer is an organic
compound.
•The emissive electroluminescent layer
can include a polymeric substance that
allows the deposition of very suitable
organic compounds

In rows and columns on a flat

carrier by using a simple "printing"
method to create a matrix of pixels
which can emit different colored
light.
OLED is a display device
that sandwiches carbon
based films between the
two electrodes and when
voltage is applied
creates light.
ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS

• A photovoltaic cell is a specialized

semiconductor diode that converts
visible light into direct current (DC) electricity.
• OPVC uses organic electronics – small organic
molecules for light absorption and energy transport
• The main disadvantages associated with organic
photovoltaic cells are low efficiency, low stability and
low strength compared to inorganic photovoltaic cells.
 Working principle of Organic Solar Cells

1. Absorption of incident light

by the active layer
2. Generation of charge
carriers
3. Collection of separated
charge carriers at contacts
4. Separation of positive and
negative charge carriers by
an asymmetry (junction)

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 Single layer organic photovoltaic cell
• Made by sandwiching a layer of organic electronic
materials between two metallic conductors,a layer of
indium tin oxide (ITO) with high work function and a layer
of low work function metal such as Al, Mg and Ca 
• The potential created by the different work functions pulls
electrons to the positive electrode and holes to the
negative electrode.
• Common organic materials used-phthalocyanine,
polyacetylene etc
 Bilayer organic photovoltaic cells

• Contains two different layers in between the conductive

electrodes which differ in electron affinity and ionization
energy
• The layer with higher electron affinity and ionization
potential is the electron acceptor, and the other layer is the
electron donor.
• Commonly used materials- C60 and perylene derivatives
Dispersed heterojunction photovoltaic cells
• In this type of photovoltaic cell, the electron donor and
acceptor are mixed together forming a polymer blend
• Electrons move to the acceptor domains, then carried
through the device and collected by one electrode, and
holes are pulled in the opposite direction and collected
at the other side.
 Growth techniques-SPIN COATING

• Used to apply uniform thin films to flat substrates.

• An excess amount of a solution is placed on the substrate,
which is then rotated at high speed in order to spread the
fluid by centrifugal force.
• Rotation is continued until the desired thickness of the film
is achieved. The applied solvent is usually volatile and
evaporates. 
 Vacuum thermal evaporation

• Involves the heating of an organic material in vacuum. 

• The substrate is placed several centimeters away from the
source so that evaporated material may be directly
deposited onto the substrate
• This method is useful for depositing many layers of different
materials without chemical interaction between different
layers.
 Printable Electronics
•Printed electronics is a set of printing methods used to create electrical
devices.

•Printing typically uses common printing equipment, such as screen printing,

flexography, gravure, offset lithography and inkjet.

•Electrically functional electronic or optical inks are deposited on the substrate,

creating active or passive devices, such as TFTs or resistors.
 PRINTED OPTICS AND ELECTRONICS

• Flexible and thin

• Low-cost and simple
• Embedded, disposable
• Applications: smart
packages, displays,
sensors
Roll-to-roll manufacturing
Printing enable cost  production in km
effective, high speed  use and sale in cm
 Electronic intelligence everywhere
mass production
 APPLICATION ROADMAPPING AND TIMESCALING
The market for organic and printable electronics is expected to be a $35 billion industry by 2015
and reach over $300 billion in 2025, that is, almost twice the size of the silicon industry today

Components, circuits, integration-on-web, systems-on-foil,

embedding 'electronics from inks' into products

R2R processes & production equipment

Materials

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

 Application area:

•Tamper-evidence of hermetically
sealed food/pharmaceutical
packages
•Evaluation of remaining shelf-life Ink-jet printed package leak indicators

of packed product
•Evaluation of use-by date of
perishable products in opened
package at home

Imaging quality indicators with mobile phone

Conclusion
• Organics outshine their inorganic counterparts in simple
deposition techniques, low cost and tunable properties.
• Organic electronics therefore offer the prospect of
improving current technologies, as well as the
development of those that were previously impossible.
• Future of organic electronics:
• Portable compact screens.
• Lab on a chip.
• Smart Textile
Reference
• C.D. Dimitrakopoulos and P.R.L. Malenfant. “Organic
Thin Film Transistors for Large Area Electronics” Adv.
Mater., 14, No. 2, (January 16 2002)
• “The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic
appliances onplastic.” Stephen R. Forrest. Nature 428,
911-918 (29 April 2004)
• “Organic thin film transistors.” Reese, C; Roberts, M;
Ling, M-M;Bao, Z Materials Today. Vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 20-
27. (Sept. 2004)
• www.efymag.com
• www.wikipedia.com
Thank You