URINALYSIS

MS.DEEPTIKUKRETI
M.SC(N) 1ST YEAR STUDENT
RCON
DEFINITION
A URINALYSIS IS USED TO DETECT AND TO MANAGE A WIDE RANGE OF
DISORDERS SUCH AS URINARY TRACT INFECTION, KIDNEY DISEASE AND
DIABETES.
OR
URINALYSIS INVOLVES CHECKING THE APPEARANCE, CONCENTRATION
AND CONTENT OF URINE.
SAMPLE TYPE SAMPLING PURPOSE

RANDOM SPECIMEN No specific time most Routine screening, chemical & FEME
common, taken
anytime of day

MORNING SAMPLE First urine in the morning, Pregnancy test, microscopic

most concentrated test

CLEAN CATCH MIDSTREAM Discard first few ml, collect culture

the rest

24 HOURS All the urine passed during used for quantitative and qualitative
the day and night and next analysis of substances
day Ist sample is collected.

POST-PRANDIAL 2 hours after meal Determine glucose in diabetic

monitoring

SUPRA-PUBIC ASPIRED Needle aspiration Obtaining sterile urine

TYPES OF URINE EXAMINATION:-

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Articles required for urinalysis
A tray containing:-

 Test tubes(4 to 6) on a test tube rack

 Test tube holder(1)
 Spirit lamp(1)
 Match box(1)
 Kidney tray with lining(1)
 Duster or rag piece(1)
 Acetic acid or Nitric acid or sulphosalic acid
 Red and blue litmus paper
 Urinometer
 Benedict’s solution or Ammonium sulphate crystals
 Sodium Nitroprusside crystals or liquor ammonia
 Weak solution of Tincture Iodine or sulphur powder
 Glass jar
 Pipettes(2)
 A small bottle brush
 Clean gloves
 Kidney tray and paper bag
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:-
COLOUR:-
 TAKE A CLEAN GLASS JAR AND POUR URINE INTO IT AND PLACE IT ON A
TABLE AGAINST LIGHT.
 NOTE THE COLOUR.
 NORMALLY IT IS PALE YELLOW OR AMBER COLOUR.

APPEARANCE:-
 INSPECT THE WHOLE URINE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS OF
SUSPENDED PARTICLES.
 NORMAL URINE IS CLEAR.

ODOUR:-
 NORMAL URINE HAS AROMATIC ODOUR.
REACTION:-
 DIP ONE END OF LITMUS PAPER INTO THE URINE.
 IF THE URINE IS ACIDIC, BLUE LITMUS PAPER TURNS INTO RED.
 IF THE URINE IS ALKALINE, THE RED LITMUS PAPER TURNS INTO BLUE.
 NO CHANGE IN BOTH LITMUS PAPERS WILL INDICATES NEUTRAL REACTION.
NORMAL URINE IS ACIDIC IN REACTION.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:-
 ALLOW A URINOMETER TO FLOAT IN THE URINE FREELY.
 READ THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT EYE LEVEL.
 NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS 1.001-1.040.

VOLUME:-
TAKE A PINT MEASURE AND MEASURE THE URINE.
 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION:-
Hot test:-
 Fill three-fourth of a test tube with urine.
 See that the reaction of urine is acidic.
 If found alkaline, add one drop of acetic acid and make it acidic.
 Heat the upper third of urine over the spirit lamp and allow it to boil.
 A cloud may appear either due to phosphate or albumin.
 Add acetic acid drop by drop into the test tube. If the urine still remains cloudy,
it indicates the presence of albumin.
 If it becomes clear, it indicates the presence of phosphates.
 Discard the urine and clean the test tube.
 No albumin is present in the normal urine.
COLD TEST:-
 POUR A SMALL QUANTITY OF NITRIC ACID OR SULPHOSALIC ACID 3% INTO A
CLEAN TEST TUBE.
 IF ALBUMIN IS PRESENT, A WHITE PRECIPITATE WILL BE SEEN WHERE TWO
FLUIDS MEET.
 DISCARD THE URINE AND CLEAN THE TEST TUBE.
TEST FOR SUGAR:-

*BENEDICT’S TEST:-

TAKE 5ML OF BENEDICT’S SOLUTION IN A TEST TUBE.

BOIL IT OVER THE SPIRIT LAMP.

IF THERE IS NO COLOUR CHANGE, ADD 8 DROPS OF URINE WITH THE PIPETTE INTO THE
TEST TUBE AND SHAKE WELL.
BOIL IT AGAIN.
REMOVE THE TEST TUBE AND ALLOW IT TO COOL.
 DISCARD THE URINE AND CLEAN THE TEST TUBE.

REAGENT STRIP TEST:-

 GLUCOSE OXIDASE TESTS PRODUCE COLOUR
CHANGES WHEN PATCHES OF REAGENTS ARE IMPLANTED.
THEY REACT WITH GLUCOSE IN THE CLIENT’S URINE.

1. CLINISTIX STRIP:-
DIP THE REAGENT END OF THE STRIP INTO
THE URINE FOR 2 SECONDS. REMOVE THE
EXCESS URINE, WAIT FOR 10 SECONDS AND THEN COMPARE THE COLOUR OF
THE STRIP WITH THAT OF THE COLOUR CHART ON THE TEST
STRIP CONTAINERS.

ANY COLOUR CHANGE AFTER 10 SECONDS SHOULD BE

IGNORED.
DOCUMENT THE RESULT.
2 . DIASTIX STRIP:-
 DIP THE REAGENT END OF THE STRIP INTO THE URINE FOR 2 SECONDS.
 TAP OFF THE EXCESS URINE.
 WAIT FOR 30 SECONDS AND THEN COMPARE THE STRIP COLOUR WITH
THE COLOUR CHART ON THE TEST STRIP CONTAINER.
 IGNORE THE COLOUR CHANGES THAT OCCUR AFTER 30 SECONDS.
 DOCUMENT THE RESULT.
TEST FOR ACETONE

1.ROTHERA’S TEST
 TAKE 2CM DEPTH OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE CRYSTALS
IN A SMALL TEST TUBE AND ADD EQUAL VOLUME OF URINE
AND ONE CRYSTAL OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE.
 CLOSE THE TEST TUBE WITH A CORK AND SHAKE THE
TEST TUBE.
 TAKE LIQUOR AMMONIA AND ADD IT TO THE URINE,
TRICKLING THROUGH THE SIDES.
 READ THE RESULT IMMEDIATELY.
 IF ACETONE IS PRESENT A PERMANGANATE PURPLE COLOURED RING IS
FORMED AT THE JUNCTION OF URINE AND AMMONIA.
 DISCARD THE URINE AND CLEAN THE ARTICLES.
KETONE STRIP TEST:-
 EXPLAIN THE TEST TO THE CLIENT
 COLLECT A SECOND VOIDED MIDSTREAM SPECIMEN OF URINE.
 KETOSTIX STRIP- DIP THE REAGENT END OF THE STRIP INTO THE URINE AND REMOVE
IT.
 AFTER 15 SECONDS COMPARE THE COLOUR CHART ON THE TEST STRIP CONTAINER.
 IGNORE COLOUR CHANGES THAT OCCUR AFTER 15 SECONDS.
 DOCUMENT THE RESULT.

KETO-DIASTIX STRIP:-
 DIP THE REAGENT END OF THE STRIP INTO
THE SPECIMEN AND REMOVE IT IMMEDIATELY.
 TAP OF EXCESS URINE FROM THE STRIP.
 WAIT FOR 15 SECONDS AND THEN COMPARE THE
COLOUR ON KETONE PART STRIP WITH THE COLOUR CHART ON THE TEST STRIP
CONTAINER.
TEST FOR BILE SALTS(HEY’S TEST):-
 TAKE ATTEST TUBE, HALF FULL OF URINE.
 SPRINKLE SULPHUR POWDER ON THE SURFACE OF THE URINE.
 IF THE POWDER SINKS DOWN TO THE TEST TUBE, IT INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF BILE
SALTS.

TEST FOR BILE PIGMENTS:-

 FILL THREE-FOURTH OF A TEST TUBE WITH URINE.
 ADD IODINE DROPS ALONG THE SIDES OF THE TEST TUBE,
SO AS TO FORM A LAYER ON THE SURFACE OF THE URINE.
 A GREEN COLOUR AT THE JUNCTION OF THE TWO LIQUIDS
INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF BILE PIGMENTS.
 DISCARD THE URINE AND CLEAN THE TEST TUBE.