OSI Model

• OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

• Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

• It consists of seven layers.

• Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.
OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Application
Application Advice
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation Person or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session
Session Sales

Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI
Take

Layer - 3 Network
Network Not
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
Data Link
Link Do or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical
Physical Please
Application Layer

Application Layer is
Application
Application
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to user.
Presentation
Presentation It also known as Desktop Layer.
Identification of Services is
Session
Session done using Port Numbers.

Transport
Transport Ports are nothing but Socket i.e.
Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
Network
Network

Data Total No. Ports 0 – 65535

Data Link
Link
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical
Physical Open Ports 1024 – 65535
Example of HTTP request
http://www.msquarenetworks.com

Client Web Server

 Example of HTTP request

HTTP Request
HTTP Request
Received HTTP Reply Listen on
http:// www.zoomgroup.com
p://www.msquarenetworks.com Port 80
Webpage Sending HTTP Reply
Webpage

Client Web Server

Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

Client FTP Server

Example of FTP request

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server

Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69
How data flows from Application Layer

Application
Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC,
Session
Session JPEG, MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV,
MP3
Transport
Transport

Network Following tasks are perform at

Network
Presentation layer :
Data
Data Link
Link
Encoding – Decoding
Physical
Physical Encryption – Decryption
Compression – Decompression
How data flows from Presentation Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible

Application
Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID also works at Session
Layer.
Session
Session
Session

Transport Examples :
Transport

Network
Network RPC  Remote Procedure Call
SQL  Structured Query language
Data
Data Link
Link NFS  Network File System

Physical
Physical
How data flows from Session Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Transport Layer

Transport Layer is
Application
Application responsible for end-to-end
connectivity. It is also known as
Presentation
Presentation heart of OSI Layers. Following
task are performed at Transport
Session
Session Layer : -

Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport • Identifying Service
Network
Network • Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
• Segmentation
Data
Data Link
Link
• Sequencing & Reassembling
Physical
Physical • Flow Control
• Error Correction
Identifying Service

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram

Protocol Protocol

• Connection Oriented • Connection Less

• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement

• Reliable • Unreliable

• Slower • Faster

• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17

• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP

Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session
80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Segmentation

Hello! Hello! How are you ?

How are
you ?Hello! How Are You ?

A B
Sequencing & Reassembling

you
Hello! Hello! HowHow
You Hello! are ?
you
Are? Hello!
How are
How ?
you ? You Hello! How ? Are
Hello! How Are You ? are

A B
Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!

How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Error Correction

Segment Missing
Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Flow Control - Windowing

Ack-Rec- PC-A
PC-A
Ack.
Sending Received
3
Received-
3-window
Sending
can
can send
send 44 Segment
Segment3-window
4-window
4 at
5-window at aa time
time to
to
PC-B
PC-B

A B
How data flows from Transport Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH
Segment
Data
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Network Layer

Network Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing best
path to data to reach destination.
Presentation
Presentation Logical Addressing sits on this
layer. Device working on Network
Session
Session Layer is Router.

Transport
Transport It is divided into two parts

Network
Network • Routed Protocols
Network
Network
e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Data
Data Link
Link • Routing Protocols

Physical e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

Physical
Routed Protocols

Segment

Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Source IP
192.168.1.1
you ?
Destination
Segment IP
192.168.1.2

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
Routing Protocols

www.zoomgroup.com

A
How data flows from Network Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

e.g. Router Transport

Transport Segment

Network
Network NHPacket
Segment

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Datalink Layer

Datalink Layer is
Application
Application divided into two Sub Layers :

Presentation
Presentation
• LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.
Session
PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address.
It is 48 bit Addressing
Data
DataLink
Data
Data Link
Link
Link i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal No.
It is also responsible for Error
Physical
Physical Detection
Device working on Data Link
Layer is Switch, Bridge, NIC.
Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet
PC-A
PC-A
Hello!
CRC
CRC No. No. 33333
33333
How are PC-B
PC-B
you ? Source MAC
CRC
CRC No.
No. 11114
11114
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Error 33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Detected
Error Detected
Destination
Error Detected
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

For
For Error
Error Correction
Correction
Contact
Contact Source
Source Transport
Transport layer
layer
A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet

Hello!
How are
Source MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-71
you ?
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
How data flows from Data Link Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network

Network Packet

Data
Data Link
Link DH Frame
Packet DT

Physical
Physical
Physical Layer

Physical Layer is
Application
Application responsible for electrical,
mechanical or procedural checks.
Presentation
Presentation Data will be converted in Binary
that is 0’s & 1’s. Data will be in the
Session
Session form of electrical pulses if it is
Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in
Transport
Transport the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic
Cable.
Network
Network
Devices working at Physical Layer
Data
Data Link
Link are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables,
Modems etc.
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical Layer Example

Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B
How data flows from Physical Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data

Data Link
Link Frame

Physical
Physical Bits
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B

Application Data Data Application

Application Application

Presentation
Presentation Data Data Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session Data Data Session
Session

Transport
Transport
TH Data
Segment TH
Segment
Data TransportTH
Transport

Network
Network NH
Packet
Segment NHPacket
Segment Network NH
Network

Data DHFrameDT
Packet DTFrameDH
Packet
Packet DH
DT
DataLink
Link DataLink
Data Link

Physical
Physical Bits Bits Physical
Physical
Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation Application
Application

Session
Session

Transport
Transport Transport
Transport

Network
Network Internet
Internet

Data
Data Link
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\> telnet 192.168.1.150
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :
http://www.microsoft.com
http://mail.yahoo.com

xyz@yahoo.com

xyz

******