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Optimal Power Flow: Daniel Kirschen
Optimal Power Flow: Daniel Kirschen
Daniel Kirschen
1
Economic dispatch
L
A B C
Network
A D
B
A
LA LB
CA CB
50 $/MWh 100$/MWh
PA PB
PAMAX PBMAX
© 2011 D. Kirschen and the University of Washington 4
Acceptable ED solution
100 MW 0 MW
300 MW
B
A
• Optimization problem
• Classical objective function
– Minimize the cost of generation
• Equality constraints
– Power balance at each node - power flow
equations
• Inequality constraints
– Network operating limits (line flows, voltages)
– Limits on control variables
© 2011 D. Kirschen and the University of Washington 8
Mathematical formulation of the OPF (1)
• State variables
– Describe the response of the system to changes in
the control variables
– Magnitude of voltage at each bus
• Except generator busses, which are control variables
– Angle of voltage at each bus
• Except slack bus
• Vector of state variables:
• Parameters
– Known characteristics of the system
– Assumed constant
• Network topology
• Network parameters (R, X, B, flow and voltage limits)
• Generator cost functions
• Generator limits
• …
• Vector of parameters:
• Equality constraints:
– Power balance at each node - power flow
equations
• Compact expression:
• Inequality constraints:
– Limits on the control variables:
• Compact expression:
Subject to:
• Slow convergence
• Objective function and constraints must be
differentiable
• Difficulties in handling inequality constraints
– Binding inequality constraints change as the
solution progresses
– Difficult to enforce the complementary slackness
conditions
N
PkI - å Vk Vi[Gki cos(q k - q i ) + B ki sin(q k - q i )] = 0
i=1
Neglect Resistance of the Branches
N
PkI - å Vk Vi[Gki cos(q k - q i ) + B ki sin(q k - q i )] = 0
i=1
N
PkI - å Vk Vi Bki sin(q k - q i ) = 0
i=1
Assume All Voltage Magnitudes = 1.0 p.u.
N
PkI - å Vk Vi Bki sin(q k - q i ) = 0
i=1
N
PkI - å Bki sin(q k - q i ) = 0
i=1
Assume all angles are small
N
PkI - å Bki sin(q k - q i ) = 0
i=1
N N
(q k - q i )
PkI - å Bki (q k - q i ) = 0 or PkI - å =0
i=1 i=1 x ki
Interpretation
N
(q k - q i )
PkI -å =0
i=1 x ki P1I P2I
P12
q1 q2
N
x12
PkI - å Pki = 0 x13 x 23
i=1 P31 P23
(q - q i ) q3
Pki = k
x ki P3I
(q1 - q 2 ) (q 2 - q 3 ) (q 3 - q1 )
P12 = ; P23 = ; P31 =
x12 x 23 x13
Why is it called dc power flow?
1 2 10 $/MWh
PA
PAMAX=390MW
3
CB
450 MW
Economic dispatch:
PA = PAmax = 390 MW 20$/MWh
PB
PB = 60 MW PBMAX= 150
MW
Fmax = 200MW
1 2
450 MW
1 2
3
450 MW
390 MW 60 MW
1 2 1 2
3 3
390 MW
60 MW
390 MW
FA FB
1 2
3
390 MW
FA + FB = 390 MW
FA = 260 MW
FB = 130 MW
© 2011 D. Kirschen and the University of Washington 35
Calculating the flows using superposition (2)
60 MW
FD FC
1 2
3
60 MW
FC + FD = 60 MW
FC = 40 MW
FD = 20 MW
© 2011 D. Kirschen and the University of Washington 36
Calculating the flows using superposition (3)
390 MW 60 MW
130 MW 20 MW
260 MW 40 MW
1 2 1 2
3 3
390 MW 60 MW
390 MW 60 MW
110 MW
280 MW 170 MW
1 2
Fmax = 260 MW
3
450 MW
280 MW
1 2
110 MW 40 MW
220 MW 80 MW
1 2 1 2
3 3
330 MW 120 MW
330 MW 120 MW
70 MW
260 MW 190 MW
1 2
Fmax = 260 MW
3
450 MW
330MW 120MW
A 70 MW B
1 2
260 MW 190 MW
450 MW
1 2
330 MW 120 MW
450 MW
uk - u0 £ Du max