Overview

Structural Testing
Introduction – General Concepts
Flow Graph Testing
Data Flow Testing
Definitions
Some Basic Data Flow Analysis Algorithms
Define/use Testing
Slice Based Testing
Guidelines and Observations
Hybrid Methods
Retrospective on Structural Testing

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 Data Flow testing
• Dataflow testing refers to forms of structura
l testing that focus on the points at which va
riables receive values and the points at whic
h these values are used.
• Most programs deliver functionality in term
s of data.
• Variables that represent data some how rece
ive values,and these values are used to com
pute values for other variables.
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• Early dataflow analyzers often centered on
a set of faults that are now known as define/
reference anomalies:
• A variable that is defined but never used(ref
erenced).
• A variable that is used before it is defined.
• A variable that is defined twice before it is
used.

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 Data Flow Testing – Basic Idea
• Data-flow testing involves selecting entry/exit paths with t
he objective of covering certain data definition and use patt
erns, commonly known as data-flow criteria

• An outline of data-flow testing is as follows:

– Draw a data flow graph for the program
– Select data-flow testing criteria
– Identify paths in the data-flow graph to satisfy the selection criteria
(i.e. all-defs, all-uses, all-P-uses/some-C-uses etc.)
– Produce test cases for the selected paths

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 Some Definitions

1. Node n in the CFG of program P is a defining

node of the variable v V, written  as DEF(v,
n), iff the value of the variable v is defined a
t the statement fragment corresponding to
node n.
Eg: Input statement,assignment,loop contro
l,and procedure calls.

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2.Node n in the CFG of program P is
a usage node of the variable v  V,
written as USE(v, n), iff the value
of the variable v is used at the
statement fragment
corresponding to node n.

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 Some Definitions (2)
• A usage node USE(v, n), is a predicate use (denote
d as P-use) iff the statement n is a predicate statem
ent, otherwise USE(v, n) is a computation use or C
-use

• The nodes corresponding to predicate uses have al

ways an outdegree ≥ 2, and nodes corresponding t
o computation uses always have outdegree ≤ 1

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 Some Definitions (3)
• A definition-use (sub)path with respect to a variable v (de
noted as du-path) is a (sub)path in PATHS(P), where PAT
HS(P) is the set of all possible paths in the CFG of progra
m P, such that, for some v in V, there are define and usage
nodes DEF(v, m) and USE(v, n) such that m, and n are the i
nitial and final nodes in the path respectively.

• A definition-clear (sub)path with respect to a variable v (d

enoted as dc-path) is a definition-use path in PATHS(P) wi
th initial nodes DEF(v, m) and USE(v, n) such that there no
other node in the path is a defining node for v

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• Du-paths for Stocks
• First, let us look at a simple path: the du-path for t
he variable stocks. We have DEF(stocks, 15) and
• USE(stocks, 17), so the path <15, 17> is a du-path
with respect to stocks. No other defining nodes are
used for stocks; therefore, this path is also definiti
on clear.

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• Du-paths for Locks
• Two defining and two usage nodes make the locks variable
more interesting: we have DEF(locks,
• 13), DEF(locks, 19), USE(locks, 14), and USE(locks, 16).
These yield four du-paths; they are
• shown in Figure 9.3.
• p1 = <13, 14>
• p2 = <13, 14, 15, 16>
• p3 = <19, 20, 14>
• p4 = <19, 20, 14, 15, 16>
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 DU-Path Test Coverage Criteria
• The basic idea is to use def-use information as defi
ned in the previous slides and specific criteria in o
rder to obtain specific paths in the CFG graph. The
se paths will then help us define specific test cases

• Let T be a set of feasible complete paths in the pr

ogram’s P CFG, and V be the set of all variables in
the program P

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 DU-Path Coverage Criteria (1)
• The set T satisfies the All-Defs criterion for a program P iff
for every variable v in V, T contains definition clear (sub)p
aths from every defining node of v to a use of v. Note: Rea
ching definitions set

• The set T satisfies the All-Uses criterion for the program P

iff for every variable v in V, T contains definition-clear (su
b)paths from every defining node of v to every use of v, an
d to the successor node of each USE(v, n)
Note: def-use chains set

• We can distinguish between an All-C-Uses, or an All-P-Us

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es set
 DU-Path Coverage Criteria (2)
• The set T satisfies the All-P-Uses/Some-C-Uses criterion for a program P iff f
or every variable v in V, T contains definition-clear (sub)paths from every defi
ning node of v to every p-use of v, and if a definition of v has no p-uses, there i
s a definition-clear path to at least one c-use

• The set T satisfies the All-C-Uses/Some-P-Uses criterion for a program P iff f

or every variable v in V, T contains definition-clear (sub)paths from every defi
ning node of v to every c-use of v, and if a definition of v has no c-uses, there i
s a definition-clear path to at least one p-use

• The set T satisfies the All-DU-Paths criterion for the program P iff for every v
ariable v in V, T contains definition-clear (sub)paths from every defining node
of v to every use of v, and to the successor node of each USE(v, n), and that th
ese paths are either single loop traversals or cycle free

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