STATISTICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS)
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
1. Interview Method
• Direct (Face-to-face or through direct verbal
interaction b/n the interviewee and interviewer)
Mail interview
Telephone interview
Computer interview (online)
Personal interview
• Consistent and more precise, inexpensive in the
number of questions to be prepared
• Emotions or interactions are witnessed
 INTERVIEW METHOD
Disadvantages:
•Time-consuming and more expensive
in terms of travel expenses.
•It is uncomfortable for some persons
that sometimes they are afraid to be
interviewed.
•Limited field coverage
 INTERVIEW METHOD
Disadvantages:
• Respondents’ feeling that they are participants of
research might result to their expectations for
some sort of returns or reward for participating.
• Analyzing information gathered through interviews
is rather difficult because it is difficult to quantify
them.
• Interviewers need training to be able to do the art
of questioning and conduct a reliable and
productive interview.
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
2. Questionnaire Method
•Indirect
•Respondents are asked to provide
responses to the prepared and well-
planned list of questions
•Questionnaire/Survey Form
Mailed or hand-carried
 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
Advantages:
• Less expensive and can cover a wide
area in a shorter span of time
• Respondents may feel a greater sense
of freedom to express their opinions and
views since their anonymity is
maintained
 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
Disadvantages:
•There is a strong possibility of non-
response, especially when the
questionnaire is mailed. (lazy)
What then could be done?
•Possibility that questions which are not
easily understood will not be answered.
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
3. Registration Method
• Usually enforced by Law
Registration of births, marriages, and death with
the PSA
Registration of motor vehicles and securing
drivers’ licenses from the LTO
Securing licenses to practice a profession from
the PRC
Obtaining licenses to operate a business or
organization from the SEC or the DTI
 REGISTRATION METHOD
Advantage:
•Information is kept systematized
and is always made available to
the public
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
4. Observation Method
• Investigator collects information on the
characteristics of the units under study by
actual measurements or by observing the
behaviour of persons or organizations and their
outcomes.
• Used when there is very limited means of
communication with the subjects (can’t talk or
write)
• Watch and record observations objectively
 OBSERVATION METHOD
Advantage:
• The recording of behaviour at the
appropriate time and situation is made
possible since the investigator personally
observes.
 METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
4. Experimentation
• Describes any process that generates a
set of data
• Used when the objective is to determine
the cause-and-effect relationship of
certain phenomena under controlled
conditions such as scientific researches
 SAMPLING
•Act, process, or technique of
selecting suitable sample, or a
representative part of a population for
the purpose of determining
parameters or characteristics of the
whole population
•Total enumeration – Census Study
 Sampling
Techniques

Probability Non-probability
Sampling Sampling

Systematic Purposive/
Simple Random
Random Judgment Quota Sampling
Sampling
Sampling Sampling

Stratified Cluster Convenience Snowball

Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling

Multi-stage
Sampling
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
THE SUMMATION NOTATION

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 METHODS OF DATA
PRESENTATION
•Pie Charts
•Bar Charts
•Stem-and-leaf Plots
•Histogram
•Frequency Distribution Table
•Frequency Polygons and Ogives