Introducing Writing

Structures
Pr. Juan Guillermo Murillo Sánchez
 Coordinators
F = for Y = yet F = for
A = and A = and O = or
N = nor F = for N = nor
B = but N = nor Y = yet
O = or O = or B = but
Y = yet B = but A = and
S = so S = so S = so

Conjunctive Adverbs
accordingly however nonetheless
also indeed otherwise
besides instead similarly
consequently likewise still
conversely meanwhile subsequently
finally moreover then
furthermore nevertheless therefore
hence next thus
Hamburger
strategy
Coordinators for contrast*:
Examples: Complex Sentences
Let’s see some examples:
 Alan lives with his parents while Paula dwells with two co-
workers.
 Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
 Like most Scandinavian nations, Finland is predominantly
Lutheran, though most Finns are only culturally Christian.
 I appreciate your hard work. In this case, however, you seem to
have over-exerted yourself
 You may not be satisfied with the results. You are a brilliant
student, nonetheless.
 We still have drug problems unlike new policies.
 Car prices are getting higher in spite of the new international
trade market.
 Sentences Vs Phrases
(Contrast Connectors)
coordinators SUBORDINATORS SENTENCE CONNECTORS TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
(conjunctive adverbs)
yet, but Although However different from
Even though In contrast* dissimilar to
While on the other hand in contrast to*
Whereas On the contrary in spite of
Though Nevertheless despite of
Nonetheless unlike
Still

 Unlike picture number 1, picture number 2 shows two men.

 Different from Colombia, Australia has Kangaroos.
 Picture #1 shows many people; in contrast, picture #2 shows
two men.
 Despite of Colombia having animals, it doesn’t have Kangaroos.
 NEGATIVE-POSITIVE RELATION ONE SINGLE FEATURE WORKING DIFFERENT IN TWO
DIFFERENT THINGS

Two sentences Two Phrase- Dependent Two sentences Phrase- Dependent

independent independent clause- independent clause-
clauses clause independent clause independent
clause clause
FORMAL FORMAL FORMAL FORMAL FORMAL FORMAL FORMAL

However Yet Despite Although On the other hand In contrast to Whereas*

On the But In spite of In contrast Different from Whilst
contrary By contrast Dissimilar to (British)
Nevertheless Unlike
Nonetheless
INFORMAL INFORMAL INFORMAL INFORMAL INFORMAL INFORMAL INFORMAL

___ ___ ___

Still But Even though while
Though*
USE Positive -negative
FORMAL However - On the contrary - Nevertheless
CONNECTORS Nonetheless - Although
Despite - In spite of
INFORMAL Though*
CONNECTORS Even though (same use as although)
still
EXAMPLES Swedish is one of Finland's two national languages although few Finns can actually speak it well enough to
Same sentence carry out an intelligible conversion.
Despite lower carbon dioxide emissions, diesel cars may promote more global warming than gasoline cars.
In spite of the cooling trend that has been observed for Antarctica as a whole, one region of the continent has
actually contradicted the mean trend and warmed over the same time period: the Bellingshausen Sea region.

EXAMPLES -All major studies of the greenhouse effect have concluded that sea level and precipitation will change
Two sentences significantly. However, most engineers and planners implicitly assume that these changes will not occur.

-Nuclear fission produces highly toxic radioactive wastes. Nevertheless, it produces no greenhouse gases.

-Bill had a terrible headache; still, he kept working.

EXCEPTIONS Slalom skiing has become fashionable in this country in recent years, though Finland lacks the required
topography and elevations for top-class alpine skiing competitions.
USE One single feature working different in two different things.
FORMAL On the other hand/In contrast/ by contrast
CONNECTORS
in contrast to/different from/unlike
whilst (British)
whereas*
INFORMAL while
CONNECTORS
EXAMPLES -Whilst the U.S. gets 20% of its electricity from nuclear reactors, France meets 78% of its
Same sentence
electricity needs with nuclear power.

-Linda likes buildings while Pedro loves small flats.

-Dissimilar to western societies, eastern societies stress the importance of community.

EXAMPLES -The US-born population as well as the North/West European, Canadian, and African
Two
immigrants have labor force participation rates of over 72 percent. In contrast, Mexican,
sentences
West Asian, Caribbean and Central American immigrants have considerably lower rates of
labor force participation (between 62% and 66%).

-George spends his free time reading twentieth century American short stories; Harry, on the
other hand, is more interested in sports and physical exercise.

EXCEPTIONS The Argentinean tango clearly has its roots in urban culture and the setting for the events is a
shady waterside drinking house, whereas the Finnish tango is often set in the countryside, in
the midst of lakes and green forests.
Special cases:
 Alan lives with his parents while Paula dwells with two co-
workers.
 Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
 Like most Scandinavian nations, Finland is predominantly
Lutheran, though most Finns are only culturally Christian.
 I appreciate your hard work. In this case, however, you seem to
have over-exerted yourself
 You may not be satisfied with the results. You are a brilliant
student, nonetheless.
 We still have drug problems unlike new policies.
 Car prices are getting higher in spite of the new international
trade market.
 Coordinators
F = for Y = yet F = for
A = and A = and O = or
N = nor F = for N = nor
B = but N = nor Y = yet
O = or O = or B = but
Y = yet B = but A = and
S = so S = so S = so

Conjunctive Adverbs
accordingly however nonetheless
also indeed otherwise
besides instead similarly
consequently likewise still
conversely meanwhile subsequently
finally moreover then
furthermore nevertheless therefore
hence next thus
 Subjuntive/ subordinators

after how till ( or 'til)

although if unless
as inasmuch until
as if in order that when
as long as lest whenever
as much as now that where
as soon as provided (that) wherever
as though since while
because so that
before than
even if that
even though though