Layer 2 And Layer 3 Multicast

By Vadiraja Desai H S
 • There are three communication mechanisms defined
and classified as they related to the Internet
• Unicasting
• Multicasting
• Broadcasting

Introduction
 In classful addressing, multicast addresses occupied the only
single block in class D.

It ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Local scope addresses range from 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255

Basic
addressing They have a TTL of 1 .

example : 224.0.0.1  All hosts

224.0.0.2  All multicast routers

 Multicast source

Multicast router
Components of
multicast Multicast client
network
Multicast routing protocol

Group management protocol

 The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
is responsible for correcting and interpreting
information about group members in a network
IGMP is not a multicasting routing protocol

IGMP IGMP is a protocol that manages group

membership

The IGMP protocol gives the multicast routers

information about the membership status of hosts
(routers) connected to the network
 • RFC 1112
• Two message types
a) IGMP query (general query)
b) IGMP report
• Multicast routers use membership query sent to 224.0.0.1 with TTL of 1.
• Multicast clients send membership report to the desired multicast group.
• No IGMP leave message.
IGMP
Version 1
 IGMP V2 Allows membership query to
be sent to 224.0.0.1 or directly to a
multicast group.

Only router with lowest IP address on

IGMP Version the segment will send the queires.
2
IGMP leave message is introduced .
IGMP V3

• Allows us to do source specific multicast.

• V1 and V2 support only group specific
multicast (*,G).
• Include mode
• Exclude mode.
 Layer 2 issues

• IGMP helps routers to determine how to distribute the multicast traffic.

• Switches do not understand IGMP messages.
• Multicast addresses can never be source addresses.
• Hence switches flood the traffic to all the hosts which leads to the wastage of bandwidth.

• Solution : IGMP Snooping

IGMP Snooping
• Standard based
• Dynamically determines which hosts connected to a
VLAN in the switch need to receive a multicast
transmission.
• Switch examines the IGMP messages and learns the
location of multicast routers and group members.
 • Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is the
name given to two independent multicast
routing protocols:
• Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense
Mode (PIM-DM)
• Protocol Independent Multicast, Sparse
PIM Mode (PIM-SM)
• PIM uses the information in the unicast routing
table to perform its duties.
• Hence it is independent of the protocol being
used in the network.
 • PIM uses a hello message to
discover directly connected
neighbors .
• PIM modes have to establish
neighbor adjacencies which
leads to the creation of
multicast tree.
• TTL 1
• Destination IP  224.0.0.13
(All PIM routers)
• Routed multicast traffic can
only flow between two
directly connected neighbors

PIM neighbor • Version =2 , type = 0

discovery(Hello Message)
 PIM-DM creates multicast tree known as
shortest path trees.

These are (S,G) trees rooted at the multicast

source.

PIM -Dense It works on an assumptions that every router

needs every multicast feed.
Mode
Hence it is also known as push model.

It’s the receiving router’s job to prune itself

from the tree if it dosen’t have any receiver .
Automatic SPT formation

• A router receives a multicast

packet on IIF.
• Router performs an RPF
check.
• It adds all the multicast
interfaces to the OIL.
• The process starts at FHR
and continues till the
packets reach the LHR’s.
Reactive SPT pruning
PIM- Sparse Mode

RP listens to the
Discover PIM Discover the root of
source (PIM
neighbors the tree(RP)
register)

RP listens to the Builds shared tree

Joins the shortest
destination (PIM from sender to the
path
join) receiver through RP
THANK YOU