Evolution of Human Jaw and

Teeth

Dept. Odontologi Forensik

FKGUA
Human tooth and jaw evolution
• Homo sapiens  Evolved from human ancestor to current state
• Factors: Food, tools and how the food processed
• Importance of tooth to survive
• Complex masticatory evolution
• Anatomical structure: tooth, jaw, brain size, bipedal posture
• Fuction : Language, Speaking Function
Human Masticatory Function

• Jaw, Tooth and TMJ

• Developed as long as human history evolved
• Lucas et al. (2008) divide 4 species levels in
hominidae/hominin in adapting diet and food
HOMO SAPIENS
• Small body and Cranium Size
• Posterior tooth: Smaller crown
• Protruding Chin (Research on Chin Biomechanical
Function)
• Functionally unimportant, but masticatory function will affect on chin shape
• Chin Shape Conraction on tongue muscles and oral when talking (Ichim et al.,
2007)
 Occlusal helicoidal Pattern
• Occlusal plane on humans are mostly not horizontal
• Occlusal helicoidal Pattern: Tooth inclination where
bite will affect both anterior and posterior tooth
• Special features of Homo sapiens orofacial
Cavum Oris
(Balogh M.B., ch Renbach M.J., 1997).
Human Third Molar
• Due to evolution; Mandibular M3 moves aside from
TMJ, and TMJ became smaller
• Smaller TMJ makes M3 dissapears overtime
• Complex relation of curva of spee & occlusal plane
• Occlusal helicoidal as a product of evolution
masticatory and functional adaptation (Macho &
Berner, 1994)
Condyle and Ramus Mandible

• Homo Sampiens Joints is developing better

• Mandbile condyle placed in a certain position
• Higher, lower, protruding, retrusion
• Having an impact in lower molar when jaw is chewing

In human evolution, TMJ position were related to changes in food

processing and diet.
 Dietary and Tooth Evolution

• Teaford & Ungar (2000): 4,4 – 2,3 mil. Years ago has become a
landmark for changes in dietary habit in early Hominin (makes
them more survivable in different habitat)
• Shape and size analysis of tooth, different shape in enamel and
tooth wear as an effect of dietary changes
• Smaller incisives and bigger molars (In apes, molar cusps are
bigger due to seeds consumption)
• Using tool to cut and grind meat; makes an adaptive
characteristic such as bigger jaw bones; canines; and weaker
masticatory muscles
• Compared to other human evolution, masticatory evolution
happens in a relatively short time
Different tooth size in population
• Effect on Population Density makes a life style
transistion and difference on tooth crown in every
population on earth
• Low but positive correlation between tooth and body
size
• Sexual dimorphism in tooth size
 Why Tooth size is decreasing?
• Teeth reduction as a nature ways of selection and face
reduction
• Smaller tooth size  able to syntesize vitamin C
• No culinary skills mades a mutation effect
Probable Mutation Effect
• Biological foundation  Are every structure have a function?
• appendices formiformis?
• carabelli?
• In latest 7000 year, Eropa, Middle east, Asia have the same
tooth reduction in size and number
• Sexual dimorphism on tooth reduction; different hunting
pattern and animals killed
GENETIC DISEASES/TRAITS

• Definition :
• Pathological effect in genetical factor and can be inherited

• GENA ( Genetic Information Carrier) :

• As a part of DNA and RNA in chromosome
TYPE of GENETIC DISEASES

• SINGLE GENE ( MENDELIAN ) DISORDERS

• CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
• MULTIFACTORIAL ( PART GENETIC ) DISORDERS
• SOMATIC CELL ( CUMULATIVE ) GENETIC DISORDERS
• MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS
DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASE
• TYPE • DIAGNOSTIC TEST

• Single-gene disorders • Pedigree analysis

• Clinical examination
• Biochemical analysis
• DNA analysis

• Chromosomal disorders • Chromosomal analysis

• Multifactorial disorder Clinical examination

Biochemical analysis
• DNA analysis

• Mitochondrial disorders • Pedigree analysis

• Clinical examination
• DNA analysis
Somatic cell genetic disorders
• Histopathology
• DNA analysis
• Chromosomal analysis
Enamel and Dentine Growth
Defect
HYPODONTIA (MISSING TEETH)
CROWN & ROOT TRAITS
• CROWN TRAITS  Autosomal dominant
• Carabelli’s trait
• Dens invaginatus
• Interruption groove
• Premolar odontomes
• Upper central incisor winging
• Shovel shape incisors
• ROOT TRAITS  Autosomal recessive
• Taurodontism
Carabelli’s trait
Dens invaginatus
Upper central incisor winging
Shovel shape incisors
Taurodontism
Chromosome Analysis Function
• Multiple Congential Failure
• Mental Retardation without clear explanation
• Difference in Dismorphic appearance; Suspect of
Down Syndrome
• Born-Dead without clue
• Small woman
• Repeating Abortus (>2x)
• Infertility / Primary Amenore
• Sex Ambiguity (XX/XY)