1.

Reproduction in Organisms:
• Definition of clone
• Table 1.1
• Difference between asexual and sexual reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Role of tapetum
• Difference between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis
• Diagram of typical anatropous ovule
• Types of pollination based on pollinators
• Difference between syngamy and triple fusion
• Apomixis
3. Human Reproduction
• Testes located outside the abdominal cavity- why?
• Role of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells
• Difference between male and female reproductive system
• Difference between spermiogenesis and spermiation
• Figure 3.6
• Figure 3.8
• Menarche and menopause
• Significance of colostrum
4. Reproductive Health
• Amniocentesis
• A popular brand of male condom- Nirodh
• Saheli pills
• IUDs- types, examples, advantages
• ZIFT and GIFT
5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation
• Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance- statements, genotypic ratio of dihybrid cross
• Table 5.1
• Test cross and back cross
• Co dominance in human blood groups
• Pleiotropy
• Sex determination in birds
• Haemophilia
• Down’s syndrome
6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Central dogma
• Figure 6.4a
• The Experimental Proof by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
• Figure 6.8
• Salient feature of genetic code
• Lac operon
• Goals of HGP
• VNTR
7. Evolution
• Adaptive radiation in Darwin’s finches
• Different traits of natural selection- stabilising, directional and disruptive
• Origin and Evolution of Man- ages of different stages of development
8. Biology in Human Welfare
• Salmonella typhi
• Widal test
• Life cycle of Plasmodium
• Innate immunity- four types of barriers
• Two types of tumors- benign and malignant
• Opioids
9. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
• Difference between out-breeding and out-crossing
• MOET
• Steps of plant breeding
• Biofortification
10. Microbes in Human Welfare
• Baker’s yeast, Swiss cheese
• Penicillin- Penicillium notatum
• Cyclosporin A, Statins
• Biological sewage treatment- BOD, activated sludge, Ganga action plan
• Last two paragraphs of the chapter
11. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
• Restriction endonuclease, palindrome sequence
• Cloning vectors
 • Selectable marker
• Figure 11.4
• Micro injection, biolistics
• Downstream processing
12. Biotechnology and its Applications
• Bt toxin- cryIAc, cryIIAb, cryIAc
• Permanent cure of ADA deficiency
• Rosie cow
• Biopatent
13. Organisms and Populations
• Responses to abiotic factors- regulate, conform, migrate, suspend
• Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration
• Logistic growth
• Population interactions- Table 13.1 and one example each
14. Ecosystem
• GPP-R= NPP
• Standing crop
• Carbon cycle
15. Biodiversity and Conservation
• The Evil Quartet
• Endemism
• Earth summit, World summit
16. Environmental Issues
• Biomagnification
• Eutrophication
• e-wastes
• Good ozone and bad ozone