Ch.

46-47
Reproduction and
Development
Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction
• Under what circumstances would each be an
advantage?
• When would each be a disadvantage?

• Hermaphroditic & sequential hermaphroditic

• Sessile, burrowing, parasitic
• Parthenogenesis (egg production w/out ____ )
• Maori Wrasse: protogynous, protandrous
• External fertilization:
• Fertilization happens in the environment
• Usually needs moisture
• Needs environmental cues: Timing, location, pheromones etc.
• Internal fertilization
• Copulation, usually fewer eggs, but more protection of embryos
(iteroparity)

• (see Ch 52, table 52.3, and fig 52.4 other figures)

Page 1089: semelparity (r) vs iteroparity (K)

R and K selected populations -- see p.
 Male forms of
birth control
•About how
long can human
sperm last in the
female body?
•Each meiotic
division cycle
makes __sperm.
•Do men have
an equivalent to
Spermatogenesis menopause?
Semen
components:
• Sperm from…?
• Sugars & mucus, Acrosome
alkaline fluid: from…?
• Citrate nutrient (acidic) from …?
• Neutralizer from…?
 Oogenesis
• Menstrual cycle vs. estrous (heat)
• Forms of female birth control?
• What are fertility drugs?
• How many eggs are produced for each meiotic cycle?
• What is menopause? (cause?)
• Study the phases
and the
hormones at each
phase

• GnRH
• LH
• FSH
• HCG
• Progesterone
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
Fertilization, Cleavage,
Implantation:
what, where, when how?
 Acrosomal and Cortical Reactions
(Fast-block and Slow-block to polyspermy)
• Blastocyst:
implantation

• Trophoblast
becomes the:
• Embryonic
placenta

• VIDEO
Placental barrier: What crosses to and from the fetus?

What cannot cross? WHY?

 Ecology terms and figures to look up…

• Mostly from ch 51, 52 • Population

• P. 1070 – 1075
• • Carrying capacity
Cohort
• Survivorship curves, types
I, II, & III
• Fig 52.4, 52.8, 52.10
• 52.5 (r and K)
• Semelparity
• Iteroparity
• Table 52.3
• Figs. 52.20, 52.21
• What is fecundity
• Density dependent factors
• Density independent factors
(examples?)
• Biomagnification and
oestrogens (from chapter
54) p. 1147
 Environmental estrogens
•Endocrine-disruptors
• Endocrine-modulators
• Ecoestrogens
• Environmental hormones
• Xenoestrogens
• Hormone-related toxicants
• Endocrine-active compounds
• Phytoestrogens
 DDT:
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

• Biomagnification or
Bioaccumulation
• Urchin
Gastrulation
• ( proto or deutero-
stome ? )
• Triploblastic
(know 3 layers)
• Archenteron
• Organogenesis
trimesters
Table 47.1 p. 945
GERM LAYER Organs and tissues formed

ECTODERM Skin, cornea and lens of

eye, nervous system (neural
tube), mouth and rectum
ENDODERM Digestive tract lining,
respiratory system lining,
many organs
MESODERM Notochord, skeleton,
muscles, circulatory
systems, reproductive
system, excretory system
• Nerve cord?
Notochord?
• Primitive streak

• What structure(s)
does each layer give
rise to?

• Organogenesis
(differentiation)
happens very early
 Spina
bifida
•
Thalidomide (mutagen) caused horrific birth
defects in the 1960s, when pregnant women in 48
countries used it as a sedative and to treat morning
sickness. More than 12,000 babies were born with
missing or misshapen limbs before the drug was
banned worldwide.
 MORPHOGENESIS

Convergent Extension: (ECM) Glycoproteins: including

fibronectins

CAMs Cell Adhesion Molecules:

On surfaces of cells, help regulate morphogenetic move-
ments and tissue binding, re-aggregation of dissociated cells
 Body axes, cell differences
in the early embryo
• Egg polarity genes, gray crescent from
fertilization, general positional information

• Morphogen: its concentration determines cells

positions along a gradient

• Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA): avian limb

buds, see p. 956-957, positional information--
posterior
• Thalidomide drug, Folic acid (B vitamin)
• Egg polarity
genes,
gray crescent
from
fertilization
(cytoplasmic
determinants
), general
positional
information
• Egg
polarizing
• (crude, early
directional
control)
Cytoplasmic
determinants
• Lizards (fig 46.2)

• Humans: Know the reproductive anatomy

and functions of males and females