HSC Biology

Module 5: Heredity
IQ1: How does
reproduction ensure the
continuity of a species?
Syllabus Stuff…
• analyse the features of fertilisation, implantation
and hormonal control of pregnancy and birth in
mammals (ACSBL075)
• evaluate the impact of scientific knowledge on the
manipulation of plant and animal reproduction in
agriculture (ACSBL074)
 Breakdown
• Define fertilisation, gamete and • For each of the following
implantation​ hormones identify the source,
target organ and function​
• Outline how fertilisation, • GnRH​
implantation and pregnancy are • FSH​
important for reproductive • LH​
• Oestrogen​
success​ • Progesterone​
• Define diploid and haploid cells​ • Testosterone​

• Define fertilisation​
Definitions
• Fertilisation: the fusion of a male and female gamete to
make a zygote.
• Gamete: a male or female sex cell that contains half the
number of chromosomes.
• Implantation: the stage in pregnancy during which the
embryo adheres (bonds) to the wall of the uterus.
Reproductive success
Mammals have several reproductive mechanisms to maximise
reproductive success:​
• Internal fertilisation – increases likelihood of gametes meeting​
• Implantation into uterine wall – increases chance of embryo
survival​
• Pregnancy – allows developing young protection from
environment, constant nutrient supply
Diploid vs
Haploid?
• To function, organisms
need two sets of
chromosomes (diploid)
• One of each of the pairs
come from each parent.
• Humans have 23 pairs
(46 total) Human karyotype
 Fertilisation
• This is the fusion of two haploid gametes (egg and sperm) to
form a single diploid zygote cell. The zygote contains equal
genetic information of both the sperm and the egg. In humans
this is called conception.
Hormones
• Hormones are chemical messengers that controls and
regulates the activity of specific cells or organs.​
• Hormones that affect the growth or functioning of the
reproductive organs are called sex hormones​.
• Sex hormones in humans are lipid soluble, can easily pass
through cell membranes​.
• Receptors for hormones can be in the cell nucleus or the
cytoplasm​.
Draw up a table like this…
Hormone Source Target Function
Organ
(2 lines)

(2 lines)

etc

etc
Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Synthesised and secreted
from the hypothalamus.
• Target organ​
• Pituitary gland​
• Impact​
• Secretion of FSH and LH​
• Starts regular production at
puberty (during fertile stage) ​
 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Synthesised and secreted from
the anterior pituitary gland​
• Target organ​
• Testes​
• Ovaries​
• Impact​
• Male: stimulates production of
sperm​
Oestrogen
• Produced in the ovary
• Target
• Uterus: starts development
of endometrium (lining of
the uterus)
• Whole body: maintains
female secondary
characteristics
Progesterone
• Produced in the ovary
• Target: Endometrium
• Function: To maintain
the endometrium
Testosterone
• Produced in the testes
(some in the adrenal
glands and ovaries in
females)
• Target: whole body
• Function: maintains
secondary sexual
characteristics of males.
To Do: Worksheet
Surfing 19 Male and Female Hormones
Questions 1-10