GAMETOGENE

SIS
is the process of formation of gametes.

The primary sex organs, the testes from the males

produce sperm and ovaries in the female produce ova

it is also the process by which diploid germ cells (Spermatogonia

or Oogonia) to haploid cells (Spermatozoa or Ova) through the
sequence of cell division and cell differentiation
DIPLOID CELL- A diploid cell has
two complete sets of
chromosomes.

HAPLOID CELL- Haploid describes

a cell that contains a single set of
chromosomes.
HOW DO CELL DIVIDE??
Non-Homologous Homologous
MEIOSIS

a special type of cell division of germ cells in

sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the
gametes, such as sperm or egg cells.

It involves two rounds of division that ultimately

result in four cells with only one copy of each
chromosome.
Classification of Gametogenesis

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
is the process of sperm is the process of
cell development. formation of female
gametes. The production
or development of an
ovum.
 HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

1.HYPOTHALAMUS
2.ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

TESTES
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Your hypothalamus, a structure deep in your brain, acts
as your body's smart control coordinating center.

• The hypothalamus controls reproduction by regulating

the secretory activities of the pituitary gland. In response
to stimuli received from the internal and external
environments, it produces several peptide
neurohormones that regulate anterior pituitary function
What hormone?

GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE

(GnRh)
PITUITARY GLAND
• The anterior pituitary is the front lobe of your pituitary
gland, which is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base
of your brain below your hypothalamus. Your pituitary
gland is a part of your endocrine system and controls the
function of several other endocrine glands.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
It helps control the menstrual It helps control the
cycle and also trigger the release production of sperm cell
of egg from the ovary

It helps secrete testosterone that

produce sperm
 Stimulate Leydig cells to release--- Stimulates the Sertoli cells to begin
facilitating spermatogenesis

It stimulates spermatogenesis
Secondary sex characteristics
SPERMATOGENE
SIS
is the process of sperm
cell development.
Seminiferous Tubules
 SPERMATOGEN
ESIS
Spermatogenesis is the process by which
spermatogonia are transformed into mature
spermatozoa

Spermatogenesis takes place in the

seminiferous tubules. ----------SERTOLI
CELLS
(somatic cells)
Everyday around 25millions
spermatogonia enter miosis
and become primary
spermatocytes
Head:
ACROSOME- a structure that
forms a cap over most of the nucleus
of sperm cell.
Tail
FLAGELLUM- a long whip-like
cellular apendage that is use for
locomotion
Body:
MITOCHONDRIA- it provides ATP
that powers whipping motion.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

SPERMATOGENESIS

QUESTION???
The correct sequence of cell stage in
spermatogenesis is
(a) Spermatocytes – Spermatids – Spermatogonia – Spermatozoa

(b) Spermatogonia – Spermatids – Spermatocytes – Spermatozoa

(c) Spermatocytes – Spermatogonia – Spermatids – Spermatozoa

(d) Spermatogonia – Spermatocytes – Spermatids – Spermatozoa

The actual genetic section of sperm
is its
(a) Acrosome

(b) Tail

(c) Middle piece

(d) Head
Spermatogenesis occurs within:
(a) Testicular interstitium

(b) Lumen of the seminiferous tubules

(c) Wall of of seminiferous tubule

(d) Epididymis
OOGENESIS
is the process of
formation of female
gametes. The production
or development of an
ovum.
 HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

1.HYPOTHALAMUS
2.ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

OVARY
HYPOTHALAMUS
• Your hypothalamus, a structure deep in your brain, acts
as your body's smart control coordinating center.

• The hypothalamus controls reproduction by regulating

the secretory activities of the pituitary gland. In response
to stimuli received from the internal and external
environments, it produces several peptide
neurohormones that regulate anterior pituitary function.
• GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRh)
PITUITARY GLAND
• The anterior pituitary is the front lobe of your pituitary
gland, which is a small, pea-sized gland located at the base
of your brain below your hypothalamus. Your pituitary
gland is a part of your endocrine system and controls the
function of several other endocrine glands.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
GnRH

LH/ FSH
Estrogen is the hormone that regulates the menstrual
cycle while progesterone is the hormone that supports
pregnancy.

During pregnancy, these two work together and are

responsible for the changes that take place during
pregnan
OVARY
 provides nutrients for the
heart of the egg cell; it contains
cell to survive
most of the genetic material in
the form of chromosomes. This is
where the genes are situated.

surrounds an egg and consists of two

or three layers of cells from the
follicle.

supports communication between oocytes and follicle cells during oogenesis;

regulates interactions between ovulated eggs and free-swimming sperm
during and following fertilization
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• A menstrual cycle begins when you get your period or
menstruate. This is when you shed the lining of your
uterus. This cycle is part of your reproductive system and
prepares your body for a possible pregnancy. A typical
cycle lasts between 24 and 38 days.
MENSTRUATION
• Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the
lining of your uterus.
• Menstruation is also known by the terms menses,
menstrual period, menstrual cycle or period.
• Menstrual blood — which is partly blood and
partly tissue from the inside of your uterus —
flows from your uterus through your cervix and
out of your body through your vagina.
 Pre-Ovulatory Phase
13 days before Ovulation

MENSTRUAL
(BLEEDING) OVULATION
1-5DAYS 14th DAY
before the next cycle begin

28 days
cycle

Post-Ovulatory Phase
14 days after Ovulation until
28 days of cycle
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE
UTERINE CYCLE-describes a series of
changes that occur to the lining of the
uterus, or endometrium, during a typical
menstrual cycle.
OVARIAN CYCLE-is a series of events that
occur during the menstrual cycle, such as
follicle development, ovulation, and corpus
luteum formation.
3 Phases of Ovarian Cycle
1. Follicular phase-
Also known as the preovulatory phase or proliferative phase,
is the phase of the cycle during which follicles in the ovary
mature from primary follicle to a fully mature graafian follicle.
This phase typically takes place from days six to 13. During this
time, the level of the hormone estrogen rises, which causes the
lining of your uterus (the endometrium) to grow and thicken.
3 Phases of Ovarian Cycle
Another hormone — follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) — causes follicles in your ovaries to grow.
During days 10 to 14, one of the developing follicles
will form a fully mature egg (ovum).
2. OVULATION
It is the end of follicular phase when your ovary will release the egg.

This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in a 28-day menstrual

cycle. A sudden increase in another hormone — luteinizing
hormone (LH) — causes your ovary to release its egg.
3. LUTEAL PHASE
The luteal phase begins after you ovulate. The dominant follicle
that releases an egg at ovulation changes into a structure called
the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces progesterone,
along with some estrogen. Progesterone levels increase in the
luteal phase, which help thicken the lining of your uterus.
3. LUTEAL PHASE
This phase lasts from about day 15 to day 28. Your egg leaves your
ovary and begins to travel through your fallopian tubes to your
uterus.

The level of the hormone progesterone rises to help prepare your

uterine lining for pregnancy.

If the egg becomes fertilized by sperm and attaches itself to your

uterine wall (implantation), you become pregnant.

If pregnancy doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop

and the thick lining of your uterus sheds during your period.
3. LUTEAL PHASE
3 Phases of Uterine Cycle
1. Proliferative phase-
The increased estrogen thickens your uterus lining so
that a fertilized egg (embryo) can implant there. The
increased estrogen triggers a decrease in FSH. Your
pituitary gland responds to the increase in estrogen by
decreasing the amount of FSH it produces
3 Phases of Uterine Cycle
2. Secretory phase-
in this phase, it makes the blood vessel larger and continous
thickening of uterine lining.
This phase always occurs from day 14 to day 28 of the cycle.
Progesterone stimulated by LH is the dominant hormone during
this phase to prepare the corpus luteum and the endometrium for
possible fertilized ovum implantation.
3 Phases of Uterine Cycle
3. Menstrual Phase
The menstrual phase is the last stage of the menstrual
cycle. It's also when you get your period. This phase
starts when an egg from the previous cycle isn't
fertilized. Because pregnancy hasn't taken place, levels
of the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop.
UNDERSTANDING THE
PATHWAY
1. Number of cells produced

• In spermatogenesis, the cells divide equally during

meiosis to produce four functional gametes
• In oogenesis, the cells do not divide equally and as a
result only one functional gamete is formed (plus 2 – 3
polar bodies)
UNDERSTANDING THE
PATHWAY
2. Size of cells produced

In spermatogenesis, the cells that are formed following

differentiation are all of equal size with equal amounts of
cytoplasm
In oogenesis, one daughter cell (the ovum) retains all of
the cytoplasm, while the other daughter cells form polar
bodies
The polar bodies remain trapped within the surrounding
layer of follicle cells until they eventually degenerate
UNDERSTANDING THE
PATHWAY
3. Timing of the process

In spermatogenesis, the production of gametes is a continuous process

that begins at puberty and continues until death
In oogenesis, the production of gametes is a staggered and finite
process:
It begins before birth (prenatally) with the formation of a fixed number
of primary oocytes
It continues with the onset of puberty according to a monthly menstrual
cycle
It ends when hormonal changes prevent the further continuance of the
menstrual cycle (menopause)
FERTILIZATION
• union of a sperm nucleus, of paternal origin, with an
egg nucleus, of maternal origin, to form the primary
nucleus of an embryo.

• Fertilization is a complex multi-step process that is

complete in 24 hours. The sperm from a male meets an
ovum from a female and forms a zygote; this is the
point in which pregnancy begins and leads to a 280-day
journey for a female. There are two ways to track this
process, and they differ by the day counting begins.
Mechanism of
Fertilization
1. Encounter of Spermatozoa and Ova
2. Capacitation and contact
3. Acrosome reaction nd Penetration
4. Fusion of the sperm in the egg
5. Activation of Ovum
 1. Encounter of Spermatozoa and
Ova
• During the fertile phase, millions of sperm travel from the
vagina to the uterus and into the fallopian tubes.
• Chemotaxis- A chemical substance is found in the cortex
of eggs--------Chemoattractant
• Several thousand of sperm reach the egg and one will
fertilize it
• When the sperm fuses with the egg it initiates a series of
chemical changes that prevent any other sperm from
entering
2. Capacitation and contact
• Sperm undergo capacitatiion (further maturation)
within the female reproductive tract.
• It occurs in female’s vagina
• Vaginal secretion cause a molecular changes in sperm
plasmelemma (removal of decapacitating factor- semen
protein, result in membrane fluidity)
3. Acrosome reaction nd
Penetration
• When acrosome reaction occurs,
a number of proteolytic enzyme
are exposed and released----
ACROSIN
• One or more of these enzymes is
responsible for digesting the
hole throug the zona pellucida
through which the sperm enter
the space.
4. Fusion of the sperm in the egg

• The fusion of the egg and sperm is called

fertilization. Fertilization is the process by
which the male and female gametes fuse to
give rise to zygote.
• tHe haploid male and female pronuclei move
toward one another, and meet and fuse to
form the diploid nucleus of zygote.
5. Activation of Ovum
• Cortical Reaction (Activation of
Ovum): Immediately after
penetration of a spermatozoon
into the egg, the cortical
reaction initiates to prevent
further entry of spermatozoa.
Chemical substances found in
the cortical granules are
released in between the plasma
membrane and the vitelline
membrane.---------Protease