COORDINATED FUNCTIONS OF

THE REPRODUCTIVE,
ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
We are formed through the fusion of two sex cells – the egg
and the sperm cell from our parents.

As our sex organs mature and undergo changes to be able to

produce sex cells that is capable to producing new
individuals.

Sex cells contains chromosomes.

These contains genetic information. Even the gender of an
individual.
 Sex cells contains only half of the normal
number of chromosomes in a body cell.
 Called haploid cells
 Fusion of the egg and sperm results to a
fertilized egg known as zygote.
TESTES
 Scrotum- the protective sac of skin that encloses the testes.
 Testes – the produces male hormones.
 Tiny coiled tubes
 Sperm cells are produced in
its linings
 Meiosis occur here.
 Contains Leydig cells that
produces Testosterone.
 Sertoli cells (Nurse cells)
produce estrogen that
nurishes the immature sperm
cells.
 Testosterone is the hormone responsible for the development
of secondary male characteristics during puberty.
 Deepening of voice
 Growth of facial hair
 Broadening of shoulders
 Development of muscles
 HYPOTHALAMUS
 Secretes Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
 Regulated by the hormones produced by
the anterior pituitary gland in the brain.
 Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the
secretion of the sex hormone – Testosterone
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), together
with testosterone, stimulates sperm
production in the seminiferous tubules.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN AND ITS
ACCESSORY ORGANS
 Ovaries - the female reproductive structure resposible for
producing eggs and female hormone.
 Estrogen – the hormone that triggers the development of the
secondary female characteristics
 Widening of hips
 Enlargement of the breast
 Growth of hair on private places

 Puberty in female most often begins between ages 8 – 14

 Menarche – first discharge of blood from the vagina
 It is the female reproductive system that will contiue its role in
nourishing and protecting the fertilized egg during nine months of
development
EGG PRODUCTION
 All females are born with two million egg cells.
 About 4,000 – 400,000 eggs will reach puberty
 Only 300 – 500 will mature and are then called ova (pl.).
 Ovum is released from an adult female body every 28 days.
 The cilia sweep the ovum from the ovary to the fallopian
tube.
 The fallopian tube is a passageway of the ovum from the
ovary to the uterus.
EGG PRODUCTION
 It takes about 2 - 3 days for the ovum to travel from the
fallopian tube to the uterus.
 If the ovum is not fertilized, it will die within 24-48 hours.
 Fertilization happens in the ampulla.
 If fertilization occurs, the fertilized ovum is now called
zygote.
 It travels down to the uterus.
 The uterus is an organ about the size of a fist.
EGG PRODUCTION
When is egg released every month?

 28 day cycle, you will release an egg on day 14 of your cycle.

 30 day cycle, you will release an egg on day 16 of your cycle.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
All adult females undergo monthly physiological cycles known
as:

Ovarian cycle – changes in the ovary as it prepares the egg for

maturation.

Menstrual cycle – changes in the uterus as it grooms the uterus

for prossible implantation.
OVARIAN CYCLE
 The ovaries prepare the female body for
possible pregnancy each month.
 Ovulation is the monthly release of ovum
 It has 2 distinct phases:
 Follicular phase – the anterior pituitary gland
releases hormones. Both FSH and LH cause the
follicle to produce estrogen. The hormones
regulate the completion of an egg cell’s
maturation. When the follicle bursts ovulation
occurs.
 Luteal phase – happens after ovulation. The
rapture follicle is now called corpus luteum, a
yellowish mass of follicular cells and functions
like an endocine gland.
OVARIAN CYCLE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 The corpus luteum will continue to produce progesterone for
several weeks if fertilization occurs.
 If no fertilization happens, the production of progesterone
declines and the ovarian cycle stops.
 If there are changes in the ovaries, there are also changes
happening in the uterus.
 Each month the uterus prepares for possible pregnancy each
month.
 The menstrual cycle lasts an average of 28 days.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 These events are controlled by the changing levels of
estrogen and progesterone during the ovarian cycle.
 An increase of the levels of estrogen and progesterone causes
the linings of the uterus to thicken so it will be conducive for
the fertilized egg.
 If the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, it will
cause the lining of the uterus to shed, marking the end of the
menstrual cycle.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback

Feedback mechanism- detect and adjust the

amount of hormones circulating in the blood.

Next
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 Menstruation – the process when the lining of the uterus is
shed, blood vessels break and bleeding results.
 It occurs about 14 days after ovulation.
 Women stops menstruating at around the age of 45-55. this
is called menopose.

Chart
HORMONE REGULATION
 Feedback mechanism – detect and adjust the amount of
hormones in circulation or the amount of other chemicals
produced by an initial hormone action.
PositiveFeedback mechanism – Increase
hormone secretion is enhanced to produce even
more hormones.
Negative Feedback mechanism – decreases the
deviation of hormones from the normal value
(counteracts the production of more hormones)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK