FEEDBACK MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN

REGULATING PROCESS IN THE FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

MELC 13 Describe the feedback mechanisms
involved in regulating processes in the female
reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle);
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood
that occurs in most women of child-bearing age.
Don’t you wonder how this cycle is being
regulated by other organs of the female human
body?
Most students are aware that once menstruation started
in a woman, she is capable of producing children.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
1. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in
regulating processes in the female reproductive system
(e.g., menstrual cycle)
2. relate the menstrual cycle of the female to the ability
to get pregnant or reproduce; and
3. spread awareness within the family about family
planning and the national crisis on teenage pregnancy.
MENSTRUATION
the regular discharge of blood
and mucosal tissue from the
inner lining of the uterus through
the vagina
MENARCHE
the first menstrual cycle, or first
menstrual bleeding, in female
humans
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
the monthly series of changes a
woman's body goes through in
preparation for the possibility of
pregnancy
OVULATION
the release of eggs (ovum)
from the ovaries
PUBERTY
the process of physical changes
through which a child's body
matures into an adult body
capable of sexual reproduction
MENOPAUSE
the time that marks the end of
your menstrual cycles
 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN
REGULATING PROCESS IN THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

MELC 13 Describe the feedback mechanisms
involved in regulating processes in the female
reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle);
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUATION
The menstruation is the
regular discharge of blood
and mucosal tissue from
the inner lining of the
uterus through the vagina.
MENSTRUATION
Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea)
are throbbing or cramping pains in
the lower abdomen. During your
menstrual period, your uterus
contracts to help expel its lining.
Many women have menstrual
cramps just before and during their
menstrual periods.
MENSTRUATION
SYMPTOMS OF MENSTRUAL CRAMPS
(DYSMENORRHEA)
⮚ Throbbing or crap pain that varies in strength in
the lower back, abdomen, or around the pelvic
area.
⮚ Nausea - a diffuse sensation of unease and
discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge
to vomit.
⮚ Stomachache
⮚ Headache
⮚ Dizziness
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual cycle is a
hormonal process that occurs
in a woman’s body each
month to prepare for a
possible pregnancy.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Each month, one of the
ovaries releases an egg — a
process called ovulation. At
the same time, hormonal
changes prepare the uterus
for possible pregnancy.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Regular menstrual cycles starts
in the years between puberty
(usually 12-14 years old) and
menopause (usually 45 – 55
years old) are usually a sign that
your body is working normally.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The Menstrual Cycle is
divide into 4 phases:
Menstruation, Follicular
phase, Ovulation and
Luteal Phase.
 PHASES OF A
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUAL PHASE
DAYS: 1-4 days
EVENTS:
⮚ Menstruation occurs.
⮚ The period when the endometrium or lining of
the uterus sheds over 3-7 days if there is no
pregnancy. Blood and endometrial tissues
detach from the inside of the uterus and pass
from uterus to the vagina and then out of the
body.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
FOLLICULAR PHASE
DAYS: 5-13 days

EVENTS:
⮚ The pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) to create follicles which contain
an immature egg.
⮚ As the follicle matures, the body releases extra
estrogen which stimulates the uterine lining to
thicken to provide the necessary nutrients to a
fertilized egg.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
OVULATION PHASE

DAYS: - 14TH day of the cycle.

EVENTS:
⮚ The ovulation phase starts when rising estrogen levels
signal the pituitary to release of Luteinizing Hormone to
stimulates the process of the ovary releasing a mature
egg. This process is called ovulation. The egg can
survive for about 24-48 hours before it must be
fertilized. If it doesn't get fertilized during that point, the
egg will dissolve.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
LUTEAL PHASE
DAYS: 15 - 28

EVENTS:
⮚ During the luteal phase, the follicle morphs
into a mass of cells that is called the
corpus luteum. The corpus luteum will
releases progesterone in order to keep the
uterine wall thick and ready for a fertilized
egg to implant.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
LUTEAL PHASE
DAYS: 15 - 28
EVENTS:
⮚ If the mature egg is fertilized, the
body will produce Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (HCG) that will help to
keep the uterine lining thick for the
fertilized egg to develop into an
embryo.
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
LUTEAL PHASE
DAYS: 15 - 28

EVENTS:
⮚ However, if the egg doesn’t get fertilized
during ovulation, the corpus luteum will be
dissolve into the body and disappear. Both
estrogen and progesterone levels will fall,
which signals the beginning of another
menstrual phase.
PHASES OF A MENSTRUAL CYCLE
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual cycle can continue in
a woman for about 40 years
stopping temporarily during
pregnancy and resumes after
giving birth.
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
A feedback mechanism is the
process through which the level of
one substance influences the level of
another substance.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
positive feedback intensifies a
response while negative feedback
reduces the effect of a stimulus
HORMONES CONTROL THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE WITH
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK
⮚ In negative feedback, the
increasing levels of hormones
feedback directly to the
hypothalamus and pituitary
gland to decrease the hormones
production.
⮚ During most part of the menstrual
cycle, hormones, estrogen and
progesterone provide negative
feedback to the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland. This keeps their
levels more or less constant.
HORMONES CONTROL THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE WITH
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK
⮚ In positive feedback,
increasing levels of hormones
present feedback for the
hormone production to
increase.
⮚ During days 12–14, however,
estrogen gives positive feedback
to the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland. This result to a
rapid increase in the production
of estrogen by the ovaries that
leads to ovulation.
 Males might find the topic in this module very
unfamiliar, but learning about periods and the
menstrual cycle can help both sexes better
understand family planning and various
methods of contraception. Further, this
information could help prevent social problems
like early and/or unwanted pregnancies,
abortion, and population explosion.
 Remember that part of being socially aware
is having a good background on ovulation. It
is a part of the menstrual cycle that occurs
when an egg is released from an ovary.

When the egg is released, it may or may not

be fertilized by a sperm. If fertilized in the
fallopian tube, the egg may travel to the
uterus and implants itself, leading to
pregnancy.
ASSIGNMENT
LEARNING TASK 4
FAMILY PLANNING
You are encouraged to interview your
parents or any married couple in your family
to provide you the needed information.

Copy and complete each statement.

A.During fertile days, if a married couple decide not to have a
child yet, then they should practice safe sex. What are the
common methods of contraception available to couples?

B.Based on your understanding, which type of birth control

device or method is best used for safe sex to prevent the
spread of STI or sexually transmitted infection? Why?

C.What is abstinence? How does it help in birth control and

preventing the spread of STI?
 ASSIGNMENT
Bring scissors and glue for
tomorrow’s activity.
 LEARNING TASK 5
MARK MY CALENDAR
Objectives:
Describe the feedback
mechanisms involved in
regulating processes in the
female reproductive system.
 MARK MY CALENDAR
Materials:
-2 calendar charts
-Events in the menstrual cycle
-Scissors
-Tape/ Glue
 MARK MY CALENDAR
Procedure:
1. Mark the calendar with the day-to-
day changes in the menstrual
cycle using the printed events and
the colored papers.
Menstrual Phase Follicular Phase Ovulation Phase Luteal Phase
 MARK MY CALENDAR
Procedure:
2. Tape or glue your diagrams in right
places/ dates of the corresponding
description.
Menstrual Phase Follicular Phase Ovulation Phase Luteal Phase
MARK MY CALENDAR
(2 calendars will be
provided, 1 for no
fertilization, and 1 for a
fertilized egg)
 MARK MY CALENDAR
Guide questions:
1. How long does a regular menstrual cycle last?
2. Describe what happens to an egg during the first 14
days of the cycle.
3. Describe what happens to the egg if fertilization occurs.
4. Explain what takes place in the uterus after fertilization.
5. Why is it important to study the menstrual cycle.
Menstrual Phase Follicular Phase Ovulation Phase Luteal Phase