QUARTER 3 LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE
TED-Ed How menstruation works - Emma Bryce

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
ayzN5f3qN8g
18

• The menstrual cycle is

the body’s way of
preparing for
pregnancy.

• It only happens in
females.

• It is a sign that a girl is

capable of producing
offspring.
19

• The menstrual cycle is

influenced by the
endocrine system
through the complex
interaction of the
hypothalamus,
pituitary and gonads
(ovaries)
• It is controlled by
chemicals called
hormones.
20

• The length of the menstrual

cycle varies from woman to
woman but the average
cycle is 28 days.

• The menstrual cycle can

continue in a woman for
about 40 years stopping
temporarily during
pregnancy and resumes
after giving birth.
THE WHEEL KEEPS ON
TURNING

Q3 LEARNING TASK
22

What you need:

separate sheet of paper
paste or glue
copy of menstrual cycle wheel
coloring materials
24

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What starts on Day 1 of the menstrual cycle?
2. Approximately how long does it take the uterus lining to build up
again after menstruation?
3. Why is it necessary to build up the uterus lining every month, again
and again?
4. Why do you think it is a good thing that a woman’s menstrual cycle
stops around the ages of 45-55(called menopause) and she can no
longer produce children?
25

What you have to do:

1. In an intermediate paper paste your copy of the
Menstrual Cycle Wheel.
2. Analyze the Menstrual Cycle Wheel then answer
the questions below
a. How many days do we usually have
menstruation in a month?
____________________________
b. How many days do we have in a menstrual
cycle? ___________________________
26

What you have to do:

3. Identify the numbers/days in a month that correspond
to the different events in a menstrual cycle listed on the
phases below. Color your Menstrual Cycle Wheel
accordingly.
27

What you have to do:

c. The periodic or regular shedding of tissues and blood
from the inner lining of the uterus is called the
menstruation or period. It could be described as the
discharge of blood from the uterine wall. These days
are numbers __________ and will be colored RED.
Note: Different girls have different menstruation length,
but the usual is 5 to 7 days.
28

What you have to do:

d. Uterine lining starts to thicken with new layer of
tissue. An egg is developing in the ovary. This is called
follicular phase and covers the first half of the
menstrual cycle. These days are numbers __________
and will be colored YELLOW.
Note: While menstruation happens in the early part
of this phase, the ovaries are simultaneously
preparing to ovulate again.
29

What you have to do:

e. The day when an egg may be released from any of
the two ovaries is on day ______. This is called
ovulation and will be colored BLUE. It is half-way in the
cycle.
Note: A female can get pregnant although ovulation is a one-
day occurrence each month and the ovum can only survive
from 12-24 hours after ovulation. Conception can occur within
a six-day window, the five days leading up to ovulation and the
day of ovulation, and the day because sperm can live in the
female body for up to five days.
30

What you have to do:

f. If the egg was not fertilized or implantation did not
occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to
shed its lining. This is called the luteal phase, and it
happens on days __________. Color these days
GREEN.
Note: This phase starts right after ovulation and
lasts until the next period.
31

What you have to do:

f. If the egg was not fertilized or implantation did not
occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to
shed its lining. This is called the luteal phase, and it
happens on days __________. Color these days
GREEN.
Note: This phase starts right after ovulation and
lasts until the next period.
g. What might happen if the egg was fertilized by a
sperm? ______________________
 What is
menstrual What are the
cycle? events of
menstrual
cycle?
Click on a button for more information Click here when completely finished
35

PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

The day count for menstrual cycle begins on the first day of
menstruation when blood starts to come out of the vagina. In this
section, the length of menstrual cycle has been assumed to be 28
days (which is the average among women). The entire duration of
a Menstrual cycle can be divided into four main phases:

1. Menstrual phase (From day 1 to 5)

2. Follicular phase (From day 1 to 13)
3. Ovulation phase (Day 14)
4. Luteal phase (From day 15 to 28)
36

1. MENSTRUAL PHASE (day 1-5)

• Menstrual phase begins on the first day of menstruation and
lasts till the 5th day of the menstrual cycle. The following
events occur during this phase:
q The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft
tissue and blood vessels which exits the
body from the vagina in the form of
menstrual fluid.
q Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is
considered normal.
q You may experience abdominal cramps.
These cramps are caused by the
contraction of the uterine and the
abdominal muscles to expel the
menstrual fluid.
CLICK TO GO BACK
37

2. FOLLICULAR PHASE
• The Anterior Pituitary sends the
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
to the ovaries to signal a follicle to
grow and mature.
• As the follicle grows and matures it
produces estrogen.
• Estrogen acts on the uterus to
stimulate the thickening of the
endometrium (uterine lining).
• When estrogen peaks, it signals the
anterior pituitary gland to release
Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
• Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation
or the release of ovum by the ovary.
 ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
LH
FSH Stimulates ripe
Cause one follicle to release
ovarian follicle ESTROGEN an ovum
to mature High level decreases (OVULATION)
production of FSH

OVARY
ESTROGEN
Causes wall of
uterus to
thicken

UTERUS
30

3. OVULATION PHASE
• Ovulation occurs mid-cycle, around
two weeks or so before
menstruation starts. (14th day in 28
day cycle)
• On this day, the mature egg from
the follicle travels from the ovary
down to the fallopian tube and
stays for 3-4 days.
• If fertilization does not occur during
this phase, the egg continues to
move down to the uterus and dies
within 6 to 24 hours.

CLICK TO GO BACK
 PITUITARY GLAND
LH
FSH Stimulates ripe
Cause one follicle to
ovarian follicle ESTROGEN release an
High level decreases PROGESTERONE
to mature ovum
production of FSH High level decreases
production of LH

OVARY
ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE
Causes wall of Prepares uterus for
uterus to implantation of
thicken fertilized egg

UTERUS
CLICK TO GO BACK
41

4. LUTEAL PHASE
• During the luteal phase, LH and FSH
levels decrease.
• Once it releases its egg, the empty
follicle develops into a new structure
called the CORPUS LUTEUM which
produces PROGESTERONE.
• If the egg isn't fertilized, the corpus
luteum degenerates and estrogen
level decreases.
• The hormone that causes the uterus
to retain its endometrium gets used up
by the end of the menstrual cycle. This
causes the menstrual phase of the
next cycle to begin.
CLICK TO GO BACK
 What is
menstrual
What to do if
disorder?
you have
menstrual
disorders?
43

What is menstrual disorder?

A MENSTRUAL DISORDER is any irregularity in a menstrual cycle that
may affect its length, flow, or symptoms that it might bring about.

For reference, a healthy menstrual cycle has the following characteristics:

• The cycle is 21 to 35 days long.
• The bleeding lasts for 3 to 7 days.
• Total blood loss per period is about 2.7 oz. (60 mL).
• It might cause mild period symptoms a day or two before and a
day or two into bleeding.
THE WHEEL KEEPS ON
TURNING
Q3 WEEK 2
LEARNING TASK 1

ANSWER
48

What you have to do:

1. In an intermediate paper paste your copy of the
Menstrual Cycle Wheel.
2. Analyze the Menstrual Cycle Wheel then answer
the questions below
a. How many days do we usually have a
menstruation in a month?
5-7 days
____________________________
b. How many days do we have in a menstrual
28 days
cycle? ___________________________
49

What you have to do:

3. Identify the numbers/days in a month that correspond
to the different events in a menstrual cycle listed on the
phases below. Color your Menstrual Cycle Wheel
accordingly.
50

What you have to do:

c. The periodic or regular shedding of tissues and blood
from the inner lining of the uterus is called the
menstruation or period. It could be described as the
discharge of blood from the uterine wall. These days
1-7 days and will be colored RED.
are numbers __________
Note: Different girls have different menstruation length,
but the usual is 5 to 7 days.
52

What you have to do:

d. Uterine lining starts to thicken with new layer of
tissue. An egg is developing in the ovary. This is called
follicular phase and covers the first half of the
8-13 days
menstrual cycle. These days are numbers __________
and will be colored YELLOW.
Note: While menstruation happens in the early part
of this phase, the ovaries are simultaneously
preparing to ovulate again.
54

What you have to do:

e. The day when an egg may be released from any of
14 This is called
the two ovaries is on day ______.
ovulation and will be colored BLUE. It is half-way in the
cycle.
Note: A female can get pregnant although ovulation is a one-
day occurrence each month and the ovum can only survive
from 12-24 hours after ovulation. Conception can occur within
a six-day window, the five days leading up to ovulation and the
day of ovulation, and the day because sperm can live in the
female body for up to five days.
56

What you have to do:

f. If the egg was not fertilized or implantation did not
occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to
shed its lining. This is called the luteal phase, and it
15-28 days Color these days
happens on days __________.
GREEN.
Note: This phase starts right after ovulation and
lasts until the next period.
58

What you have to do:

f. If the egg was not fertilized or implantation did not
occur, hormonal changes signal the uterus to prepare to
shed its lining. This is called the luteal phase, and it
15-28 days Color these days
happens on days __________.
GREEN.
Note: This phase starts right after ovulation and
lasts until the next period.
g. What might happen if the egg was fertilized by a
Zygote will form and will grow into a fetus
sperm? ______________________
inside the womb until it is ready to give birth.
59

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What starts on Day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

The first day of the period starts. During this time,

the uterus sheds its lining from the previous cycle. And the
start of the follicular phase of the next cycle.
60

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
2. Approximately how long does it take the uterus lining to build
up again after menstruation?

9 DAYS. This phase is also known as the

proliferative phase because from days 6 to 14 the lining of
the uterus is repaired and builds up to be thicker.
61

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
3. Why is it necessary to build up the uterus lining every month,
again and again?

It is necessary to build up the uterus lining every

month again in preparation for a possible pregnancy.
62

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
4. Why do you think it is a good thing that a woman’s menstrual
cycle stops around the ages of 45-55(called menopause) and
she can no longer produce children?

It is a good thing that a woman’s menstrual cycle

stops around the ages of 45-55 to prevent complications
and health issues during pregnancy. Both the baby and the
mother will be at risk.
QUARTER 3 LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS AND
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 The uterine cycle describes a series of changes that
occur to the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, during
a typical menstrual cycle.

Look at the diagram. For each sentence below it,

write the matching letter from the diagram in the
box.
D
B
C
D
A
C
74

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND FEEDBACK MECHANISM

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM helps regulate and maintain various

body functions by synthesizing and releasing hormones.
The hormone levels in the blood are regulated by a highly
specialized homeostatic mechanism called FEEDBACK.
Information regarding the hormone level or its effect is fed back to
the gland that the hormone is secreted from. Due to positive and
negative feedback, our body will be in HOMEOSTASIS or state of
balance.
The biological process that maintains homeostasis or
body balance is called FEEDBACK LOOP.
75

FEEDBACK MECHANISM
The feedback mechanism is the mechanism of the body to
maintain the levels of hormones in the body within the desired
limits. An increase or decrease in the levels of the hormones
triggers the feedback mechanism. The body has two types of
feedback mechanisms:
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK - occurs when the output of
a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the
system
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK - occurs when the output of a
system acts to enhance the changes to the input of
the system.
76

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• Negative feedback occurs when the output of
a system acts to oppose changes to the input
of the system.
• In negative feedback, the response will
reverse or cause the opposite effect of the
original stimulus.
• A thermostat is an example of a negative
feedback system.
77

• There are two key groups of hormones which

control and coordinate the menstrual cycle:

1. Pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) are released

from the anterior pituitary gland and act on the
ovaries to develop follicles
2. Ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
are released from the ovaries and act on the uterus
to prepare for pregnancy
78
 Room temp Set point
increases
is reached

Room temp Room temp

is below the is above the
setpoint setpoint

Set point Room temp

is reached decreases

A thermostat is a device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the

system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint temperature.
80

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
• A negative feedback affects the production
and release of hormones in the menstrual
cycle. High levels of one hormone may inhibit
the production of another hormone. During
the cycle, negative feedback mechanism
keeps the levels of hormones relatively
stable..
82

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• A positive feedback loop occurs when the
output of a system acts to enhance the
changes to the input of the system.
• Positive feedback intensifies a response to a
certain stimulus or a hormone.
• The positive feedback loop will stop when the
stimulus stops.
• EXAMPLE: When a contraction occurs, the hormone oxytocin is
released into the body, which stimulates further contractions.
Childbirth contractions stop when the baby is out of the mother's body.
 IDENTIFY THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

PITUITARY GLAND
LH
FSH Stimulates ripe
CauseT VE
Ione follicle to
I
POS follicle
ovarian ESTROGEN
IVE release
I
VE
TIan IVE
A T S PROGESTERONET
to mature High E
level decreases
N G POovum A
NEG decreases
High level
production of FSH
production of LH

OVARY
ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE
Causes wall of Prepares uterus for
E VE
TIVto
uterus T
implantationI of
S I
PO thicken P OSI
fertilized egg

UTERUS
THE PLUS AND MINUS

Q3 WEEK 2
LEARNING TASK 2

ANSWER
Q3 WEEK 2 LEARNING TASK 2
1. Supply TABLE 1 with information about the changing/shifting levels of each
hormone in the different phases. You may refer to the previous lesson. Use either
word HIGH or LOW for each blank cell. Three entries on the table serve as your
guide. The gray areas on some cells mean the hormone is not evident in the phase.

TABLE 1. THE HORMONAL CHANGES IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Low Low Low

High High Low
High High High
Low
Q3 WEEK 2 LEARNING TASK 2
2. Read the situations/events in the female reproductive system and the brief
explanation for each event in Table 3. Analyze the underlined words as they were
given as clues. Determine whether a positive or a negative feedback mechanism is
taking place in each example. Put a plus (+) sign if it is a positive feedback
mechanism and a negative (-) sign if it is a negative feedback mechanism..
Q3 WEEK 2 LEARNING TASK 2
TABLE 3. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
QUARTER 3 LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
TRUE 1. Someone who is having sex for the first time can get pregnant.
FALSE 2. Someone who is breastfeeding cannot get pregnant.
FALSE 3. Someone has to be 16 years old before they can get birth control
from the health center.
TRUE 4. Family planning is another word for birth control.
FALSE 5. You can’t get pregnant if you have sex during your period.
FALSE 6. Depo (the family planning shot/ needle) causes everyone taking it
to gain weight
FALSE 7. Taking birth control for a long time can make you unable to have a
baby in the future (infertility).
FALSE 8. Women shouldn’t use birth control until their baby is at least six
months old.
FALSE 9. Contraceptives also protect against sexually transmitted
infections.
TRUE 10. The best way not to get pregnant and have STI is abstinence
Why Focus on the Reproductive
Health of Young Adults?

More than 1 of every 4 persons

worldwide is between ages
10 and 24 years
Youth Are Assets

Youth are a great potential resource

Reproductive Health Risks and
Consequences for Young Adults
Risks:
! Unintended and too-early pregnancy

! STIs, including HIV/AIDS

! Unsafe abortion
Consequences:
! Sexual violence
! Medical
and unwanted
! Psychological
sexual activity
! Social

! Economic
HIV/AIDS Risk for Youth
About half of all new HIV infections are among youth
! HIV/AIDS epidemic among youth remains largely
invisible to adults
! Stopping HIV/AIDS requires working with youth in a
comprehensive way
! Young women are several times more likely to get
infected than young men
Today’s young people are the AIDS generation
Factors Affecting the Reproductive
Health Needs of Young Adults
! Age
! Sexual activity
! Marital status
! School status
! Gender norms
! Childbearing status
! Economic/social status
! Rural/urban
! Peer pressure
! Political/cultural
Young Adults and Contraceptive Use

! Few married youth use contraceptives before their

first birth
! After becoming sexually active, unmarried youth
delay the use of contraceptives by about a year
! Common reasons for non-use of contraceptives
among unmarried youth:
- did not expect to have sex
- lacked information and awareness about
contraception
- lacked access to contraceptives
Psychological and Social Consequences
of Pregnancy for Unmarried Youth

! Social stigmas for unmarried mothers and children

! Limited education
! Fewer career or job opportunities
! Heavy economic burden
! Depression, loss of self-confidence and lack of hope
! Consequences more severe for young women than
men
! Children of young parents may face psychological,
social and economic obstacles
Medical Risks of Pregnancy in Young Women

Under age 16: May result in:

Small pelvis Obstructed or
prolonged labor
First births:
Hypertensive
disorders of Hemorrhage, eclampsia
pregnancy

Can be fatal for both mother and child

Sexuality: What Youth Need to Know

Includes issues of identity, societal roles, human

relationships, biological development

Youth need to learn:

! How their bodies, minds and feelings are changing

! How to communicate about sexuality

! How to handle societal and peer pressures

! How to make responsible decisions about sexual activity,

including abstinence
Complete Abstinence
! Most effective way to prevent
pregnancy and STIs
! No sexual intercourse
! May include other forms of sexual
expression
! Option for all youth, including
those who have begun sexual
activity
! Requires high motivation, self-
control, communication and social
support
POSSIBILITIES ARE
ENDLESS
Q3 WEEK 2
LEARNING TASK 3

ANSWER
Mark the following the:
ž First Day:
January 1, 2023
ž Ovulation:
January 14, 2023
ž Date of next menstruation:
January 28, 2023
ž Likely to be fertile days:
January 1-7, 2023
ž Most fertile days:
January 8-19, 2023
ž Unfertile days:
January 20-28, 2023
Mark the following the:
ž First Day:
January 28, 2023
ž Ovulation:
February 10, 2023
ž Date of next menstruation:
February 24, 2023
ž Likely to be fertile days:
January 28-February 3, 2023
ž Most fertile days:
February 4-14, 2023
ž Unfertile days:
February 15-24, 2023
Mark the following the:
ž First Day:
February 24, 2023
ž Ovulation:
March 9, 2023
ž Date of next menstruation:
March 23, 2023
ž Likely to be fertile days:
February 24-March 2, 2023
ž Most fertile days:
March 3-13, 2023
ž Unfertile days:
March 14-March 23, 2023
Mark the following the:
ž First Day:
March 23, 2023
ž Ovulation:
April 5, 2023
ž Date of next menstruation:
April 19, 2023
ž Likely to be fertile days:
March 23-29, 2023
ž Most fertile days:
March 30-April 9, 2023
ž Unfertile days:
April 10-April 19, 2023
ASSESSMENT 2
Q3 WEEK 2

ANSWER
1. Please refer to the diagram below. During the menstrual cycle,
which feedback mechanism keeps levels of FSH, LH, estrogen, and
progesterone relatively stable?

Positive feedback

Negative feedback

Both

none
2. Physiological processes are commonly moderated via two
distinct feedback mechanisms – positive and negative feedback.
Which of the following pairs of events and feedback regulation is
incorrect?
Menstruation: positive feedback

Ovulation: negative feedback.

Child birth: positive feedback

Lactation: positive feedback.

3. Which of the following statement about
feedback mechanisms is true?
Positive lessens a response while negative feedback
increases the effect of a stimulus.

Positive goes to a target while negative does the

opposite.

Positive feedback intensifies a response while negative

feedback reduces the effect of a stimulus.

Positive and negative feedback go away from a target.

4. Chariz menstrual cycle has an average of 28 days. If
her first day is February 2, when is the day of her
ovulation?

February 12

February 13

February 14

February 15
5. Birth control is how to prevent pregnancy before it begins.
There are lots of different methods and options that work really
well and are easy to use. Which birth control method is BEST
used for safe sex?
abstinence

Calendar method

condom

pills