LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Science 10 Quarter 3 Week 1 and 2

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _____________

Section: ______________ Score: ____________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

There are several processes in the body that are coordinated by hormones which regulate and balance the working of
organs, tissues, and cells. The endocrine system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues develop, and even your
capacity to have a baby. It plays an essential role in the occurrence of disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders,
and/or sexual dysfunction.
All bodies experience hormonal shifts constantly throughout the day.
WEEK 1
II. LEARNING SKILLS
MELC: Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male reproductive systems. (S10LTIIIb-34)
Objectives:
1. Explain the roles of hormones in regulating metabolism, growth and other body process.
2. Identify the effects of hormones in the body.
3. Describe the hormonal regulation of the male and female reproductive system.
III. ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Direction: Read the information below.
A. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone is produced and secreted by specialized nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the brain. It
is released into tiny blood vessels that carry this hormone from the brain to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates the production of two
more hormones – follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. These hormones are released into the general circulation and
act on the testes and ovaries to initiate and maintain their reproductive functions. Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
control the levels of hormones produced by the testes and ovaries (such as testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone), and are
important in controlling the production of sperm in men and the maturation and release of an egg during each menstrual cycle in women.
Source: You and Your Hormones an Education resource from the society for Endocrinology
https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/gonadotrophin-releasing-hormone/

B. Hypothalamus is the brain regulatory center for maintaining homeostasis receiving nerve signals. It gives direction to the pituitary
gland. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – are hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus stimulating the pituitary gland to
release two hormones namely luteinizing hormone (LH) and the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates gonads to produce
sex hormones and the release of the egg cell from the female ovary. FSH stimulates the sex organs to produce gametes or sex cells.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland affect the male and female reproductive system to secrete sex hormones controlling the sex
characteristics. Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone that stimulates sex drive and progesterone a hormone released by luteum
in the ovary. It plays vital roles in the menstrual cycle and maintaining the stages of pregnancy. It regulates and maintains homeostasis
and controls the growth of and release of eggs from the ovaries and it helps prepare the uterus so the baby can grow in it.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What are the hormones involved in the male reproductive system? ____________
2. What is the role of the brain (hypothalamus) in the reproductive system?____________
3. What does pituitary gland produce?____________
4. What produces sex hormone in male? ___________
5. Explain the role of hormones in the male reproductive system.____________________________________
B.
1. What are the hormones involved in the female reproductive system?________________
2. What is the role of the brain (hypothalamus) in the reproductive system? _____________________
3. What does pituitary gland produce?_____________
4. What produces sex hormone in female? ___________________
5. Explain the role of hormones in the female reproductive system.___________________________________
Week 2
MELC: Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle).
(S10LT-IIIc-35)

Objectives:

1. Define menstruation.
2. Identify the important events during the menstrual cycle.
3. Describe the feedback mechanisms in the female reproductive system.

A. The Menstrual Cycle

 Learning about menstrual cycle helps a woman to be more equipped on identifying fertility signs that indicate how
close she is to ovulation and pregnancy.


Fig. 1 The Menstrual Cycle
The important events during the menstrual cycle are as follows:
1. The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle.
2. The pituitary gland releases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature. The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the
maturation of the follicles, converts ruptured follicles into corpus luteum and causes the secretion of progesterone. The
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) assists in the maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion of estrogen from the
follicles.
3. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the uterine lining to increase in thickness. The
uterine lining becomes thicker so that the fertilized egg can attach to it.
4. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. Assume that no sperm is present.
5. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
6. Meanwhile the uterine lining continues to thicken.
7. The egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus.
8. The thick uterine lining is no longer necessary, so the cells of the thickened uterine lining break off and leave the vagina. The
unfertilized egg is lost and some blood is lost too. This loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called
menstruation.
9. After menstruation, the cycle starts again
 Menstrual cramps are the results of the strong contractions of the uterine wall that occur before and during menstruation. The
cramps can be caused by excessive secretion of prostaglandins. Shedding of the endometrium of the uterus results in the
inflammation in the endometrial layer of the uterus and prostaglandins are produced as a consequence of the inflammation.
 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

1. Menses Phase : This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and typically lasts until the 5th day of the cycle.
During the menstrual phase, the uterus sheds soft tissue and blood vessels from its inner lining. On average, 10 ml
to 80 ml of blood exits through the vagina. Typically a woman is not fertile during the menstrual phase.
2. Follicular Phase : The follicular stage also begins on the first day of menstruation but doesn’t end until around day 13,
or when ovulation starts. During the follicular phase, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates egg cells
to grow in the ovaries. One egg cell will mature into a follicle. Once matured, the follicle secretes a hormone to
stimulate the uterus to develop endometrium, a lining of blood vessels and soft tissues.
3. Ovulation Phase: Around the 14th day of the cycle, ovulation occurs. The pituitary gland secretes the luteinizing
hormone (LH) that causes the release of the matured egg cell from the ovary. The egg cell then travels to the
fallopian tube with the help of the cilia of the fimbriae, finger-like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube.
4. Luteal Phase : The luteal phase begins around day 15 and lasts until the end of the cycle. During this phase, the egg
cell stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours. If a sperm cell fails to impregnate the egg during this time, the egg cell
disintegrates. When the hormone used to retain the endometrium runs out, a new menstrual cycle begins.
Activity 1

I. Determine the phases in the menstrual cycle calendar and select from the sentences below the condition of the uterus in each
phase.

A. Estrogen rises, uterus lining begins to build up

B. Uterus lining continues to thicken. If ovum remains unfertilized, uterus contracts in readiness to shed the built-up
layer
C. Uterus lining breaks down causing your period
D. Estrogen peaks, ovulation occurs

Activity 2:
Enumerate the phases of the Menstrual Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.

CONCEPT NOTES:
 A feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one substance influences the level of another substance.
  A negative feedback affects the production of hormones in the menstrual cycle. High levels of one hormone may inhibit (slows
down) the production of another hormone.

Activity 3

Fill in the missing terms in below to make the illustration correct.

1.
Fig. 2 Negative Mechanisms in the
Menstrual Cycle

 Negative Feedback mechanisms in menstrual cycle:

1. Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) stimulates the ovaries to
release estrogen. High levels of
estrogen then prevent the further
production of FSH.

2. Estrogen also stimulates the

release of luteinizing hormone
3. (LH) from the pituitary gland,
which in turn controls the
production of progesterone. High levels of progesterone then inhibit the further release of LH.

 In positive feedback, rising levels of hormones feedback to increase hormone production. During days 12–14 of the cycle,
estrogen provides positive feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This causes a rapid rise in the production of
estrogen by the ovaries and leads to ovulation.
 A good example of a positive feedback system involves oxytocin and its other effect: causing contraction of uterine muscle
during childbirth. In this case the stimulus for oxytocin secretion is dilation of the uterine cervix. Upon receipt of this information
through sensory nerves, the brain signals the release of oxytocin from nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland. Enhanced
uterine contraction in response to oxytocin results in greater dilation of the cervix, which strengthens the signal for oxytocin
release and so on until the infant is expelled from the uterine
cavity.
1. Describe the feedback mechanism occur during menstruation. ______________________________

2. Describe the feedback mechanism occur during ovulation.__________________________________

3. Differentiate the negative feedback mechanism from positive feedback mechanism _________________________

Activity 4

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. DIRECTION: ENCIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the female reproductive system?

A. production of female sex hormones B. production of egg cells
C. protection and nourishment of embryo D. release of sperm cells
2. The male reproductive system performs the following functions except
A. production of hormones B. production of sperm cells
C. secretion of male sex hormones D. transfer of sperm cells
3. The major glands in the body are the following EXCEPT for ________.
A.pituitary B. parathyroid
C. thalamus D. thyroid
4. The production of eggs and sperm in females and males is stimulated by which of the following hormones?
A.Follicle-stimulating hormone B. Inhibin
C.Oxytocin D. Prolactin
5. The following are the functions of the endocrine system EXCEPT for ____.
A.mental development B. physical development
 C. sexual development D. spiritual development
6. A woman’s likelihood to be pregnant are the days near or during _______.
A. fertilization B. menstruation
C. ovulation D. sexual intercourse
7. Which hormone prevents menstruation among pregnant women?
A. HCG B. LH C. oxytocin D. prolactin
8. Fertilization is accomplished when ____________.
A. egg and sperm have fused B. sperm and egg meet
C. sperm has entered the egg D. when egg travels down the uterus
9. Which days of the cycle does menstruation occurs?
A. days 1-6 B. days 7-13 C. days 14-20 D. days 21-28
10. What event is taking place at the luteal phase?
A. formation of corpus luteum B. growth of follicles
C. menstruation D. ovulation
Activity 5
WRITE 10 TERMS YOU HAVE LEARNED IN MODULES 1 AND 2 OF QUARTER 3.KINDLY WRITE THE MEANING OF EACH TERM.

1.
6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

Activity 6
Label correctly the illustration below.

10. ___________________System
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Ma'am Novah
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