Thesis

Republic of the Philippines
Carlos Hilado Memorial State College

Talisay City, Negros Occidental
IMPROVISED EGG INCUBATOR

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Egg incubator is one of the inventions that provide opportunity especially for
those who want to be excellent farmers. The system will automatically control the
temperature and humidity of the incubator for various types of eggs. The function of
egg incubator is to take over the animal job to incubate an egg to hatching. Eggs have
been incubated by artificial means for thousands of years (Olasunkanmi J. 2017).
The ancient Egyptians and Chinese both devised incubators to hatch chicks from
eggs without having the mother hen sit on them. This enabled hens to continue laying
eggs without interruption. Egyptian incubators were large rooms heated by fires where
attendants turned the eggs at regular intervals so they would warm evenly. Chinese
incubators were warmed by fire or by rotting manure (Gale, T. 1997).

According to Berry, G. (2009), artificial incubation of poultry eggs is an ancient
practice. Aristotle writing in the year 400 B.C. told of Egyptians incubating eggs
spontaneously in dung heaps. The Chinese developed artificial incubation at least as
early as 246 B.C. These early incubation methods w ere often practiced on a large scale,
a single location perhaps having capacity of 36,000 eggs. The application of incubation
principles was a closely guarded secret, passed from one generation to the next. The
proper temperature was judged by placing an incubating egg in one’s eye socket for
accurate determination. Temperature changes were effected in the incubator by moving
the eggs, by adding additional eggs to use the heat of embryological development of
older eggs, and by regulating the flow of fresh air through the hatching area. Humidity
was evidently not a problem as primitive incubators were located in highly humid areas,
and the heat source, often burning materials, furnished water around the eggs. Turning
was done as often as five times in a 24-hour period after the fourth day of incubation.
A broody hen (a hen that wants to set and hatch eggs and raise the chicks) can
hatch just about 10–12 eggs at once in 21 days, which reduces its productivity as it
takes time to incubate and hatch the chicks. In contrast, some large birds, such as
condors and albatross, may lay only a single egg every two years. For the world’s
growing population, relying on this natural type of incubation is not enough, hence the
need for artificial incubation. This way, a female bird just concentrates on laying eggs
while the incubation is done for her artificially. (Muhammad, A.S 2017)
This device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures.
The incubator maintains optimal temperance, humidity and other conditions such as the
carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are
essential for a lot experimental work in cell biology, microbiology, and molecular
biology and are used to culture both bacterial as well as eukaryotic cells. (Protak
Scientific, 2017)
Bacolodnon loves to eat chicken such as, Chicken Tinola, Chicken Adobo,
Chicken Joy and especially the Chicken Inasal. The Manokan Country has become a
part of every visitor’s Places to Eat in Bacolod City. So to help with the demand of
poultry meat this Improvised Incubator may help increase food production.
Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to develop an Improvised Egg Incubator.
Specifically, it aims to:
1. design and construct a device using locally available materials;
2. evaluate its quality in terms of:
A. performance,
B. durability,
C. reliability,
D. serviceability;
3. determine its acceptability in terms of;
A. design,
B. aesthetic,
C. functionality;
4. formulate an operating manual.

Framework of the Study
Technological
1. Planning Improvised Egg Utilization of
resources Incubator Improvised Egg
2. Designing
Incubator
- Human 3. Purchasing
- Materials 4. Assembling
- Financial 5. Constructing
- Information 6. Testing
- Tools 7. Revising,
- Equipment 8. Evaluating
Quality
Dimensions
- Performance
- Conformance
- Durability
- Serviceability
Acceptability
- Design
- Aesthetic
- Functionality
Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study
This study follows the input - output method. The input involve consists of
technological resources, human, materials, financial, information, tools, equipment,
revising and evaluating the quality of acceptability of the device in terms of; design,
aesthetic, and functionality. The process consists of planning, designing, constructing,
testing. The output is the completed and tested Improvised Incubator. After it has been
completed and tested, the evaluators provide feedback for further improvement of the
Improved Incubator. These feedbacks are then used for revisions and development in
the input of a newly Improvised Egg Incubator.
Scope and limitations
The coverage of this study focused on planning, designing, purchasing,
assembling, constructing, testing, revising the device in terms of performance,
conformance, durability and serviceability and the formulation of operating manual. It
includes the hatching process and the This study is limited only in constructing the
device using a Styrofoam box. The investigators limited this research to Bacolod City
only. I does not seek to

Significance of the study
This research work is significant to the following:
Hatchery and poultry owners. This study improves the poultry production and
to produce good quality of birds which are healthy and well, to maximize the
investment to profit ratio. An egg tech incubator has proved to be the more successful
method than the traditional method of egg hatching. Traditionally a hen doesn’t lay any
further eggs until and unless she hatches her earlier eggs completel y.
Consumers. The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of consumers
with the production of good quality meat to supply their needs.
Game bird breeders and interested backyard raisers. Results could help
benefit the game bird breeders to increase their production of fighting cocks, because
hens can only hatch a few egg.
School. Through this study, students will become aware on how to hatch an egg,
how many days will it hatch, what does it need to hatch, etc .
Government. The result of this study could help them realize the benefit of the
device in producing quality chicks to supply the needs of poultry meat in the city.
CHMSC Administrators. With this project, the administrators would promote
better education to the students and teachers in this institution. It could give them the
motivation to perform their job well.
Future Researchers. With the introduction of improvised incubator, future
researchers could improve this study to make it more useful in the future. Likewise, this
study can be used as a guide or basis for their researches that will lead them to discover
new things.
Definition of terms
Durability. Conceptually, this term is defined the ability to withstand wear,
pressure, or damage ( oxforddictionaries.com).
As used in this study, this term means the length of the device life.
Performance. Conceptually, this term is defined as the action or process of
carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function
(oxforddictionaries.com).
Operationally, this term refers to a product's primary operating
characteristics.
Serviceability. Conceptually, it is the quality of being able to provide good
service. Serviceableness, usability, usableness, usefulness, utility -
the quality of being of practical use (thefreedictionary.com).
Operationally, this term means the speed with which the product
can be put into service when it breaks down, as well as the
competence and the behavior of the service person.
Conformance. Operationally, this term means the precision with which the
product or service meets the specified standards.
Aesthetics. Conceptually this term means a set of principles concerned with the
nature and appreciation of beauty (oxforddictionaries.com).
Operationally, this term means the subjective dimension indicating
the kind of response a user has to a product. It represents the
individual’s personal preference.
Hatchery. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as a place
where the hatching of fish or poultry eggs is artificially controlled
for commercial purposes (oxforddictionaries.com).
Poultry. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as a
domesticated birds kept for eggs or meat (webster.com/dictionary).
Design. This term is conceptually defined as the specification of an object,
manifested by some agent, intended to accomplish goals, in a

particular environment, using a set of primitive components,
satisfying a set of requirements subject to some constraints
(businessdictionary.com, 2013).
Functionality. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as the output of
all parts of the device (Physics, 2014).
Improvised. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as the means to
make or provide from available materials.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature coming from books, and
websites. It includes the History of Chicken Incubators, Kinds of Incubators and the 5
Categories of Chicken Incubators.
History of Egg Incubators
According to McKinley, D. (2017), one of the early influences of chicken
domestication was cockfighting, which led to the distribution of fowl around the world.
Many Bible verses refer to chickens. The breeding and selection of chickens over the
centuries have resulted in some 350 combinations of physical features known today.
The purebred fowl of today are basically the same as they were 100 years ago, while the
commercial chicken industry is constantly developing, through science, a fowl that
produces nutritious meat and eggs with extreme efficiency. For centuries, chickens
propagated and increased the number of the species in natural ways. That is, the rooster
fertilized the hen’s eggs, the hen laid eggs, she became “broody,” made a nest, laid a
“clutch” of 10-12 fertilized eggs in a nest and “set” on them for 21 days (keeping them
at about 100 degrees Fahrenheit, turning them several times a day and maintaining a
constant humidity). After all that, chicks were hatched. The hen takes several days to
lay a clutch of eggs in a nest, but chick development begins with incubation, thus, all of
the chicks in the clutch hatch within a day or two of each other. The hen usually
remains on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches. During that time,
the chicks feed by absorbing their internal yolk sac. The state of being “broody” is
controlled by instinct, hormones and lighting conditions. A broody hen will fiercely
guard her clutch of eggs and her chicks after they hatch. She keeps them warm and
leads them to food and water, but returns to the nest at night to keep them warm and
guard them.
And he also added that, as early as 750 B.C., the Egyptians discovered the
technique of artificial incubation. If the hen were kept from “brooding,” they reasoned,
she could lay more eggs. A modern, well-nourished, healthy hen in a proper
environment is capable of laying an average of 265 eggs a year. A hen’s egg -laying
ability is automatic and requires no rooster to be present.
Kinds of Incubators
According to The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, there are three principal
kinds of incubators: poultry incubators, infant incubators, and bacteriological
incubators;
A. POULTRY INCUBATORS
Poultry incubators are used to keep the fertilized eggs of chickens warm until
they are ready to hatch. These are the oldest type of incubators; rooms heated by fi res
were used by the ancient Egyptians and Chinese to hatch chicken eggs, and later
incubators used kerosene lamps to heat air or water in proximity to the eggs. Modern
incubators are rooms heated by electricity. Large electric fans circulate the air to
maintain uniform temperatures, and the eggs are turned automatically at least eight
times daily. The larger commercial incubators may hold as many as 75,000 eggs at one
time.
B. INFANT INCUBATORS
Infant incubators are used to provide a warm environment for babies
born prematurely or for other infants who are unable to maintain a normal body
temperature. The infant incubator is a relatively small, glass-walled box that may have
portholes fitted with long rubber gloves through which nurses can handle and care for
the infant. Most infant incubators are fitted with special devices that can control the
concentration of oxygen inside the incubator; this is necessary because some infants
need either greater or lesser amounts of oxygen owing to particular diseases they may
have. Infant incubators also regulate the humidity inside the enclosure.
C. BACTERIOLOGICAL INCUBATORS
Bacteriological incubators provide a controlled environment in order to promote
the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms in various culture media. They are
insulated enclosures that are thermostatically regulated to maintain a constant
temperature. Hot air is circulated over racks or shelves containing the Petri dishes,
flasks, or other culture media. In medicine, such incubators are used to identify disease -
causing microorganisms taken from patients. A sample of the patient’s blood, sputum,
mucus, or other secretion is placed in a culture medium inside the incubator, and, after
the microorganisms in the sample have multiplied, they can be identified with greater
certainty. Bacteriological incubators are also used in mi crobiology and biochemistry, in
the dairy and other food-processing industries, and in water and sewage
treatment plants.
4 TYPES OF CHICKEN INCUBATORS
According to Sheikh, F. (2012), below are some of the types of the poultry egg
incubators which are being used these days.
A. Household incubators
As the name suggests, these incubators are most utilized by the people who plan
to hatch the eggs within their household or on a very small scale. So, as they are
designed for the household settings very little monitoring is required for them. Now
these incubators may be fully automatic, semi-automatic and manual incubators, all of
which are readily available in the markets. The exact temperature to be used for the
incubation process depends on the control and other characteristics of the incubation
machine, which is a factor that all the farmers and specialists should always keep in
mind.
B. Multi-Sage Incubators
Multi-sage incubation relies on the constant operation of the machines for a set
period of time. These incubators are operated continuously in which the eggs are added
into the settings once or twice a week. A constant supply is maintained for the eggs at
all times for their growth. One of the main advantages of making use of these
incubators is the low maintenance and production cost and the simplicity of the entire
operation. The core process of these incubators is the transformation of the heat
generated by the old eggs and the use of this heat for the new eggs that are to be
processed in the incubators. Another important thing here is the use of the same size
and types of eggs for the incubation process. Furthermore, the aspects of ventilation and
incubator temperature should always be given due importance for the successful
completion of the hatching eggs and all other incubation processes .

C. Single Stage Incubator
Considered to be one of the most natural mechanisms for achieving incubation,
the single stage incubation is also used these days. It has been named as single stage
incubation because all the eggs inside the device are kept and grown at the same stage
of development. The machine is filled in for each setting and then emptied out for the
each of the transfers. For those who do not know, this type of incubation is also known
as the all-out incubation process. Moreover, the incubator also works on the principles
of ventilation, humidity and all other important aspects necessary for the growth and
hatching of the eggs.

D. Tunnel and industrial Incubators
These incubators also make use of the multi-stage mechanism for achieving the
process of incubation and hatching of the eggs under environmentally controlled
conditions and processes. They are mostly used for the large and commercial poultry
farms in addition to the industrial incubators which are also used on a large sca le. It is
because of their large scale used that a number of mechanisms are used for maintaining
the productivity and efficiency of the process at all times. The prices of the industrial
and tunnel incubators also vary depending on the quality you plan to buy. Furthermore,
you should also try to consider the reputation of the supplier from whom you plan to
buy these incubation machines.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Research design
This study utilizes the descriptive and developmental types of research.
Descriptive because its main concern is to get the holistic view of characteristics of the
subjects exposed to blended learning as well as those receiving the textbook -based
instruction. This study is also developmental because it has been defined as the
systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating instructional programs,
processes, and products that must meet criteria of internal consistency and
effectiveness.
Glass
Cover
Body
Figure 1 outside casing of Improvised Incubator.
The parts and functions of the Improvised Incubator are presented in Table 1.
Figure 2. Improvised Egg Incubator with its parts.
Design, Plan, Preparation, and Fabrication
The plan and fabrication includes the preparation, construction procedures and
the construction of parts.

Table 1.
Parts and Functions of the Improvised Egg Incubator
Parts Functions
Styrofoam box Serves as the body of the device
Incandescent bulb Source of heat
Power supply Converts mains AC to low-voltage
regulated DC power for the device
Male plug Used to connect to the convenience outlet
Flat cord AWG #14 To allow the electricity to the device
Switch SPST (Singe pole single throw) Turn the device on and off
Relay 12 volts DC. Used to control other circuits
Porcelain socket Serves as the bulb holder
Magnetic starter Controls the bulb to maintain
Calibrated mercury type thermometer Used to maintain the desired temperature
of the incubator
Screen wire Used to support the weight of the egg and
chicks. And to protect the chicks from the
bulb.
Preparation
1. Draw the proposed project design.
2. Select the materials to be used.
3. Purchase the materials needed.
4. Lay-out parts.
Fabrication
1. Cut the materials according to the desired measurement for the wires to be used.
2. Install all the parts.
3. Fabricate the body.
The project flow chart of the study presents the steps and the stages of project
development including the equipment design, fabrication, assembling and finishing.

Development of the Project
Design
 Selecting the materials to be used
 Purchasing the materials to be used
 Laying – out the desired measurement of the
Fabrication
 Measuring
 Cutting
 Installing
 Fixing
Assembling
Finishing
 Dry-run / Enhancement / Testing
Improvised Egg Incubator
Figure 3. Project Flow Chart

Evaluation Procedure
B. SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS
The descriptive presentation to the supplies and materials and their cost used in
the construction of the project are listed in table 1.

TABLE 1
Bills of supplies and materials needed in the construction of the training unit.
QTY. UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL
1 box Styrofoam 22” x 15 ½ ” x 16 ½ ” P 300 P 300
1 pcs. Male plug P 100 P100
2 m. Flat cord AWG #14 P 66 P 132
1 pcs. Switch SPST (Singe pole single throw)
Power supply P 50 P 50
1 pcs. Relay 12 volts DC. P 50 P 50
1 pcs. Porcelain socket P 130 P 130
1 pcs. Incandescent Bulb 50 watts m f/16 volts P 100 P 100
1 pcs. Magnetic starter/ Magnetic contactor
220 volts single phase P 30 P 30
1 pcs. Calibrated mercury type thermometer
P 100 P 100
1 pcs.
P 120 P 120
P 1, 112
C. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Table 2 shows the tools and equipment’s used in the construction of the project
and their respective functions.
TABLE 2
Tools and equipment and their respective function
NAME OF TOOLS/EQUIPMENT FUNCTION
1 pcs. Electrical plier Used in cutting and bending wires.
1 pcs. Long nose plier Used to help pliers to easily cut the wires.
Used for driving screws.
1 pcs. Screwdriver reversible Used for measuring the voltage.
1 pcs. Multi-tester Used for soldering.
1 pcs. Soldering Iron Used to join wires to leads of components.
1 m. Soldering Lead Used for repairing damages.
1pcs. Duct Tape
D. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
The construction procedure of the improvised egg incubator consists of:
1. Assembling and constructing of parts
2. Testing the functionality of the constructed project.
Assembling and constructing of parts
1. Create the outer body.
2. Install the parts.

CHAPTER IV
D. Length of Incubation periods
Incubation periods vary for different species of birds. In general, “the larger the
egg the longer the incubation period”. However, there are individual differences. The
incubation period may also vary with the temperature and humidity within the
incubator. Average incubation periods for some species are:
SPECIES DAYS OF SPECIES DAYS OF
INCUBATION INCUBATION
1. Chicken 21 days 9. Pheasant 23 days
2. Duck 28 days 10. peafowl 29 days
3. Quail (Coturnix) 16 days 11. Guinea 27 days

4. Duck (Muscovy) 36 days 12. Ostrich 42 days
5. Goose 32 days 13. Pigeon 18 days
6. Turkey 28 days 14. Quail 23 days
7. Canary 13 days 15. Parakeet 19 days
8. Prairie Chicken 23 days 16. Grouse 23 days
E. Incubation Conditions
1. Temperature
Temperature is extremely important during incubation. Variations of more than
one degree from the optimum will adversely affect the number of eggs that will
successfully hatch. In sectional or home-type incubators the temperature will vary
considerably between the top and the bottom of the egg. With these types of incubato rs
a temperature at the top of the eggs of 101°F for the first week, 102°F for the second
week, and 103°F till hatching gives the best results with eggs of most species.
In modern, commercial, forced-draught incubators, a temperature of 99-100°F is
maintained throughout the incubation period. Most operators find that in the very large
machines some provision must also be made for cooling to maintain this constant
temperature. Embryonic development produces considerable heat. If this heat is not
dissipated, injury to the embryos may occur.
2. Humidity
Eggs lose water during the incubation period, and the rate of loss depends on the
relative humidity maintained within the hatching chamber. Metabolic balance must be
maintained throughout the incubation period. Thus, humidity outside a relatively
narrow range will affect the number of successfully hatched eggs.
Optimum growth for most species requires a relative humidity of 60 percent until the
eggs begin to pip, after which the relative humidity should be raised to 70 percent. Best
results occur with turkeys when these humidity’s are raised 2 to 3 percent. Under most
Oklahoma conditions, moisture must be added to the hatching chamber to reach these
relative humidity levels. This can be done by placing an open pan of water in the same
area with the eggs. In sectional or convectional type incubators, it may be necessary to
increase the water surface by suspending a piece of cloth from the water, providing
wick action.
Relative humidity can be gauged by wrapping a wet cotton cloth around the bulb of a
thermometer and suspending it in the hatching compartment. Due to evaporation, the
“wet” bulb thermometer will have a temperature below that of a dry bulb thermometer
in the same compartment. Table 3 shows the relative humidity for selected temperature
readings.
TABLE 3
The relative humidity to select temperature readings.

WET BULB 99 88 100 101 ( O F)
READING F.
F. Position and egg turning
Eggs should be placed in the incubation compartment large ends up for best
results. However, a fairly good hatch can be obtained if the eggs are placed on their
sides. An extremely poor hatch will occur if the eggs are placed in the incubator small
end up.
The eggs must be turned several times a day for best hatchability. This will ensure that
the embryo will not stick to the shell. The turning should be repeated throughout the
entire 24-hour day. However, the night turning may be eliminated as long as there is a
late evening and an early morning turning. Eggs should be turned at least four times
during each 24-hour period. In large commercial machines, turning is mechanically
done, controlled by a time clock.
The eggs should be turned through a 90-degree plane as gently as possible. Turning
should continue until one to three days prior to hatching and or until the eggs has
“pipped;” position or turning will then have no effect on hatching.
G. Ventilation
Since the developing embryo receives oxygen from the atmosphere and releases
carbon dioxide, the capability for ventilation must be incorporated in the incubator. The
more eggs in the incubator compartment and the older the embryo, the more oxygen is
required.
H. Embryonic Development
Embryo development from the single fertilised cell to the self -sustaining animal
in a relatively short span is an interesting but complex process. Because of various
incubation periods for different avian species, characteristic elements in the developing
embryo occur at slightly different times. For the chicken, Table 2 indicat es significant
changes and the day on which each change is evident.
I. Embryo Mortality
Eggs can fail to hatch for many reasons. Among these are inadequate diet of the
hen, incorrect environment within the incubator, and malposition of the embryo within
the egg.
TABLE 4
Times of embryonic development
Prior to Oviposition Cell division starts. Three hours after
fertilization the fertilized embryo in an
egg will have divided several times and
will contain many cells by the time the egg

is laid.
Between Oviposition and Incubation A period of dormancy or inactive state, as
long as the eggs are kept below embryonic
zero (approximately 70 o F).
During Incubation: First Day A resemblance to a chick embryo, with the
distinct differentiation into specialized
system, i.e. extra embryonic membranes,
alimentary tract, vertebral column,
nervous system, head and eyes.
Second Day Heart begins to beat and ear differentiation
occurs.
Third Day Nose, legs, wings, as well as blood
circulation fermentation.
Fourth Day Tongue begins to form.
Fifth Day Formation of reproductive organs and sex
differentiation.
Sixth Day Beak formation starts.
Eighth Day Feathers begin to harden.
Tenth Day Beak begins to harden.
Thirteenth Day Appearance of scales and claws.
Fourteenth Day Orientation of the embryo for hatching
with the head toward the large end of the

egg.
Scales, claws, and beak become firm and
horny.
Sixteenth Day Yolk sac begins to enter the body cavity
through the umbilicus or navel.
Nineteenth Day Yolk sac is completely within the body
cavity.
Twentieth Day This material may be used by the chick to
sustain life for several days after hatching.
The beak penetrates into the air cell, and
chick begins to breathe and often can be
heard to “peep” even before the shell is
broken.
Twenty-first Day The “egg-tooth” or extremely hard tip of
the beak penetrates the egg shell.
Continued muscular action cuts the top of
the shell off and with a final struggle kicks
out the shell, leaving the extra embryonic
membranes within the shell.

References:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/incubator
https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/agriculture-and-
horticulture/agriculture-general/incubator
https://www.protakscientific.com/incubator-culture/
https://www.farmcollector.com/equipment/chicken-incubators-zm0z17aprzhur

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Republic of the Philippines

Carlos Hilado Memorial State College

IMPROVISED EGG INCUBATOR

Background of the study

been incubated by artificial means for thousands of years (Olasunkanmi J. 2017).

incubators were warmed by fire or by rotting manure (Gale, T. 1997).

According to Berry, G. (2009), artificial incubation of poultry eggs is an ancient

spontaneously in dung heaps. The Chinese developed artificial incubation at least as

accurate determination. Temperature changes were effected in the incubator by moving

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to develop an Improvised Egg Incubator.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. design and construct a device using locally available materials;

2. evaluate its quality in terms of:

3. determine its acceptability in terms of;

4. formulate an operating manual.

Framework of the Study

Paradigm of the Study

technological resources, human, materials, financial, information, tools, equipment,

aesthetic, and functionality. The process consists of planning, designing, constructing,

the input of a newly Improvised Egg Incubator.

Scope and limitations

The coverage of this study focused on planning, designing, purchasing,

assembling, constructing, testing, revising the device in terms of performance,

conformance, durability and serviceability and the formulation of operating manual. It

only. I does not seek to

Significance of the study

This research work is significant to the following:

with the production of good quality meat to supply their needs.

hens can only hatch a few egg.

CHMSC Administrators. With this project, the administrators would promote

motivation to perform their job well.

Future Researchers. With the introduction of improvised incubator, future

Durability. Conceptually, this term is defined the ability to withstand wear,

pressure, or damage ( oxforddictionaries.com).

Performance. Conceptually, this term is defined as the action or process of

carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function

Operationally, this term refers to a product's primary operating

Serviceability. Conceptually, it is the quality of being able to provide good

service. Serviceableness, usability, usableness, usefulness, utility -

the quality of being of practical use (thefreedictionary.com).

can be put into service when it breaks down, as well as the

competence and the behavior of the service person.

product or service meets the specified standards.

nature and appreciation of beauty (oxforddictionaries.com).

Operationally, this term means the subjective dimension indicating

the kind of response a user has to a product. It represents the

individual’s personal preference.

Hatchery. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as a place

where the hatching of fish or poultry eggs is artificially controlled

for commercial purposes (oxforddictionaries.com).

Poultry. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as a

domesticated birds kept for eggs or meat (webster.com/dictionary).

Design. This term is conceptually defined as the specification of an object,

manifested by some agent, intended to accomplish goals, in a

particular environment, using a set of primitive components,

satisfying a set of requirements subject to some constraints

Functionality. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as the output of

all parts of the device (Physics, 2014).

Improvised. This term is conceptually and operationally defined as the means to

make or provide from available materials.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Categories of Chicken Incubators.