Male & Female Reproductive System
 Collection of internal and external organs – in males control the functions of both the testes and ovaries
and both females that work together for the purpose
Of procreating.
Male Reproductive System – Producing sperm, Releasing
Testosterone.
 Testes – produces sperm cell
 Scrotum – sac of skin that holds the testes
 Penis - deposits sperm into the vagina during mating
 Vas Deferens – carries sperm from testes to urethra
 Urethra – carries sperm and urine out of the body
 Glands – provide liquid in which sperm can swim
 Seminal Vesicle – secretes a fluid that makes up most
of the components of the semen.
 Prostate gland – secretes a slightly alkaline milky
fluid that discharges as part of the semen
 Bulbourethral Gland – secrete a thick and clear
mucus that lubricates and neutralizes the any trace
of acidic urine in the urethra
 Androgen – is a steroid secretes by the testes which
are responsible for the maintenance of male
characteristics and behavior.
 Testosterone – responsible for male sexual
secondary characteristics, induces spermatogenesis,
strengthening of the voice , development of facial,
axillary and pubic hair, beginnings of sex drive.
Female Reproductive system
• releases eggs cells
• produces sex hormones such as progesterone and estrogen
• provides an environment for a fertilized egg to develop
during pregnancy
• facilitates a labor and childbirth
 Ovary – produces egg cell, Estrogen- Promotes and
maintains primary and secondary female
characteristics. Progesterone – stimulate thickening
of the uterine lining.
 Oviduct – serves as a passage way of eggs from the
ovary to the uterus , site of egg FERTILIZATION.
 Uterus – serves as a site of egg IMPLANTATION,
where fertilized egg develops.
 Vagina – receives the penis of male during mating.
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
• keep the reproductive system properly functioning
PITUITARY GLAND- controls the function of ovaries
• The follicles produce hormones that control the growth and
release of eggs from the ovaries.
HORMONES
• body's chemical messengers.
• travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs
• work slowly, over time, and affect many different
processes, including:
• Growth and development
• Metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods
you eat
• Sexual function
• Reproduction
• Mood
PUBERTY
• When a child's body begins to develop and change as they
become an adult.
• Girls develop breasts and start their periods.
• Boys develop a deeper voice and facial hair will start to
appear
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH)
 released from nerve cells in the brain
 controls the production of luteinizing hormone and
follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
• In men, it assists in spermatogenesis and initiates
production of testosterone in the testes
• In women, LH helps control the menstrual cycle
• It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
• In men, FSH helps control the
production of sperm
• In women, it stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in
the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at
ovulation
• increases estradiol production
Homeostasis - is the maintenance of a relatively stable
internal environment within an organism. it is the
body's attempt to maintain a constant and balanced
internal environment, which requires persistent
monitoring and adjustments as conditions change.
3 main components
Receptor –> Control Center -> Effector
Process: Stimulus (input) -> Receptor -> Control Center -
> Effector -> Response (output)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Body Temperature, Blood Glucose
Level
POSITIVE FEEDBACK: Childbirth, Blood Clotting
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS C:<3
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE CORPUS LUTEUM IF
FERTILIZATION DID NOT HAPPEN? ( Dissolved )
WHAT LAYER OF THE UTERUS UNDERGOES THE
GREATEST CHANGE DURING MENSTRUAL
CYCLE?( Endometrium )
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN IS A HORMONE
THAT HELPS IN THE STIMULATION OF THE CORPUS
LUTEUM IS PRODUCE IN WHAT PHASE OF THE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE?
( Luteal )
THE OVULATION PHASE USUALLY LAST FOR HOW MANY
DAYS? ( One- 1 )
WHAT TERM IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE PROCESS
THROUGH WHICH THE LEVEL OF ONE SUBSTANCE
INFLUENCES THE LEVEL OF ANOTHER SUBSTANCE?
( Feedback Mechanism )
WHICH HORMONE CAUSES FSH AND LH TO BE
RELEASED?
( Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone GnRH)
WHICH HORMONE CAUSES THE RE-GROWTH OF THE
ENDOMETRIAL LINING OF THE UTERUS?
( Progesterone )
WHICH HORMONE SIGNALS OVULATION? (Luteinizing
Hormone )
The oxytocin released in the uterus during labor results
to the contraction of uterus.
The contractions stimulate the release of more oxytocin
which results to stronger contractions.
Menstruation
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• is a hormonal process that occurs in a woman's body each
month to prepare for a possible pregnancy
• Regular menstrual cycles between puberty (usually 12-14
years old) and menopause (usually 45 - 55 years old) are
usually a sign that your body is working normally.
(Day 1-4) Menstrual Phase 1 – Menstruation Occurs
(Day 5-13) Follicular Phase 2 - pituitary gland releases (FSH)
to create follicles which contain an immature egg. As follicle
matures, body releases extra estrogen which stimulates the
uterine lining to thicken to provide the necessary nutrients to
a fertilized egg.
(Day 14) OVULATION PHASE 3 - starts when rising estrogen
levels signal the pituitary to release of LH to stimulates the
ovulation process. The egg can survive for about 24 hours
before it must be fertilized. If it doesn't get fertilized during
that point, the egg will dissolve.
(Day 15 – 28 ) LUTEAL PHASE 4 - If the mature egg is
fertilized, the body will produce Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (HCG) that will help to keep the uterine lining
thick for the fertilized egg to develop into an embryo. if the
egg doesn't get fertilized during ovulation, the corpus luteum
will be dissolve into the body and disappear.
Glands – Hormones – Effect C:
Adrenal Cortex – Cortisol – Increase blood sugar levels
Adrenal medulla- Epinephrine- Norepinephrine – Both
serves as chemical mediators for transmitting the nerve
impulses to effector organs
Thyroid- Thyroxine- Controls the body’s metabolic rate
Calcitonin – Decrease blood calcium levels
Parathyroid- Parathyroid Hormones- Increase calcium levels
in the blood.
Pancreas – Insulin/Beta cells- lowers glucose level in blood
Glucagon/Alpha cells – increase blood sugar levels, causes
liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
Thymus- Thymosin – Stimulates T lymphocytes / T-Cells
Pineal – Melatonin – Anticipates the daily onset of darkness;
involved in biorhythms
ADH ( antidiuretic hormone/ Vasopressin)- stimulates the
kidney to reclaim more water from the urine , raises blood
pressure.
Oxytocin – prompts contraction of smooth muscle in
reproductive tracts, in female initiating labor and ejection of
breast milk.
BIRTH CONTROL PILLS HORMONE - a substance that acts at a site distant from its
place of origin. Are chemical signals produced by specialized
• contain man-made forms of 2 hormones - estrogen and cells secreted into the bloodstream and carried to a target
progestin site of action as free hormone or bound to transport protein.
• can contain both hormones, or progestin only. Each hormone is produced by a specific endocrine gland
regulated by metabolic activity as either positive or negative
• prevent a woman's ovary from releasing an egg by feedback mechanism
changing the levels of the natural hormones the body makes
• Women who take pills need a regular
check-up at least once a year.
• Blood pressure checked 3 months
after they begin to take the pill
• Pills will be effective only if the
woman takes her pill daily without
missing a day.
BCPS MAY CAUSE MANY SIDE EFFECTS.
THESE INCLUDE
• Changes in menstrual cycles, no menstrual cycles, extra
bleeding
 Nausea, mood changes, worsening of migraines
(mostly due to estrogens)
• Breast tenderness and weight gain

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