LECTURE 4

Reproduction

WARNING
Sensitive and explicit pictures and images.
Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction = CLONES
• Binary fission (mitosis)
• Budding (outgrowth or bud)
• Gemmulation (baby in a capsule)
• Fragmentation (breaks into small fragments)
• Sexual Reproduction
• Gametes (sperm and ovum) and fertilization
• Gonads
• Primary and secondary sexual organs
• Dioecious (separate male and female)
• Monoecious or hermaphrodites (both male and female)
Reproduction
• Parthenogenesis (development of an embryo from an
unfertilized egg)
• Honey bees
• fertilized eggs become diploid females (queens)
• Unfertilized eggs become haploid males (drones)
• Reproductive Patterns
• Oviparous (lay fertilized eggs with shells outside of body)
• Ovoviviparous (retain fertilized eggs with shells within body and
deliver live young)
• Viviparous (fertilized eggs without shells develop in uterus)
1st Meiotic Division
• Prophase I
• Chromosomes divide into 2 identical chromosomes which further
divide into 4 identical chromatids (2 sister chromatid pairs) =
tetrads
• Crossing over of chromosomes occur
• Metaphase I
• Tetrads line up along the metaphase plate
• Anaphase I
• Paired chromatids (1 chromosome) move to opposite poles
• Telophase I
• Nuclear membranes form
• Cleavage furrow and cytokinesis starts
2nd Meiotic Division
• Similar to mitosis but without chromosome replication
• Chromatids separate into each daughter cell

• Meiosis = also called reduction division

• 92  46  23
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Trisomy 21
Trisomy 21
Seminiferous tubules - Supportive cells
• Sertoli Cells
• Blood testis barrier
• Degrading residual bodies for recycling for sperm nourishment
• Interstitial cells/Leydig cells
• Produce testosterone
• Spermatogenesis in humans = 64-74 days
Passage of sperm
• Seminiferous tubules  epididymis  vas deferens 
urethra
• Epididymis = area of storage and further maturation of
sperm cells
• Seminal vesicles: produce fructose and seminal fluid
• Prostate: alkaline secretions of seminal fluid
• Bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s gland: alkaline fluid and
lubrication
• Glands of Littre: mucus for lubrication
Semen analysis
Semen Normal Values
Volume 1.5-5.5mL (Ave. 2.5mL)
Sperm concentration 20,000,000/mL or more
Motility >50%
Forward progression 2 (scale of 1-4)
Morphology >30% WHO normal
forms
Liquefaction Within 20-60min (30min)
Collection time 2-3 days of abstinence
Endocrine events
• Hypothalamus – Pituitary – Gonadal axis
• GnRH  FSH and LH  ovary or testis
• Estrous cycle or menstrual cycle

• Egg cell life span: 1-2 days

Contraceptive Methods
• Natural
• Calendar method
• Billing’s method
• Withdrawal
• Artificial
• Hormonal
• Barrier methods + spermicides
• Surgical procedures