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CPP - Advantages
• The full power of the machinery can be utilised
in all loading conditions
• Provide better acceleration, stopping and
manoeuvring characteristics
• Optimum use of propulsion plant at different
operating conditions
• Non-reversing propulsion machinery can be
used
• speed of the ship may be varied without altering
the speed of the main engine
• The efficiency of astern condition in case of fixed
pitch propellers is less than that of controllable
pitch propeller in astern condition.
CPP - Disadvantages
• The pitch control mechanism is very complicated
• High initial and maintenance costs
• Large propeller boss
• More vulnerable to damage
• Optimum at the design pitch
• Blade area limited to enable the pitch to be
reversed and hence requires thicker blade
• Thus greater cavitation and more noise
• Efficiency at its design point is lower than that of
an equivalent fixed pitch propeller
Disadvantages
• The pitch control mechanism installed in the hub is
complicated enough to demand proper inspection at
regular intervals. The installation process is also more
complicated as compared to that of fixed pitch
propeller system.
• Controllable pitch propellers have a very high initial
cost. And this cost increases rapidly with increasing
diameter of the propeller.
• Due to pitch control mechanisms housed inside the
hub, the length and the diameter of the hub is also
high as compared to the fixed pitch propeller systems.
Nozzle Propeller
Nozzle Propellers
• A screw propeller surrounded by nozzle
• Two types – Accelerating & Decelerating
• Accelerating ducts are used in heavily
loaded propellers
• The small clearance between the propeller
blade tips and the duct suppresses the
trailing free vortices shed by the blades
• Duct develops thrust and also drag, drag
substantially less than thrust
• Thrust of propeller + duct > an equivalent open propeller
(i.e. one without a duct) whereas the torque is smaller.
• The efficiency of the ducted propeller is therefore greater
than that of the open propeller at low speeds, producing
greater thrust in a smaller package.
• Tugboats and fishing trawlers are the most common
application for Kort nozzles as highly loaded propellers
on slow moving vessels benefit the most.
• Bollard pull can increase up to 30% with ducts
• With accelerating ducts, the inflow velocity and efficiency
of the propeller is increased. This is the type that is used
on heavily loaded propellers or propellers with limited
diameter.
• A decelerating duct decreases the inflow velocity into
the propeller. Therefore the pressure at the propeller
location increases and reducing cavitation.
• The efficiency of a ducted propeller with a decelerating
duct is lower than that of an equivalent open propeller,
but its cavitation properties are superior.
• Decelerating ducts are usually used for high speed
vessels where cavitation and underwater noise
reduction are vital like Warships.
• Kort nozzles (Accelerating duct) may be fixed, with
directional control coming from a rudder set in the water
flow, where their flow controls the vessel's steering.
• When towing, tugboats sail with low speed and heavily
loaded propellers, and are often fitted with ducts.
• The small clearance between the propeller and duct
reduces tip vortex, increasing efficiency.
Ducted/ Kort Nozzle Propeller
Contra-Rotating Propeller
Contra-rotating Propellers
• Consists of two propellers rotating in
opposite directions on coaxial shafts, one
propeller being placed close behind the
other
• The aim is to reduce the rotational energy
losses in the slipstream
• The thrust load is distributed between two
propellers so that the efficiency is higher
than with an equivalent single
propeller, and the propeller diameter and
blade area ratio can be reduced
• Disadvantages: Greater weight, complexity
of the gearing and coaxial shafts, sealing of
the shafting against the ingress of water
from outside is also a major problem
• Improvements in efficiency of up to 15
percent can be obtained compared to single
screws
• The mechanical complications of fitting
contra-rotating propellers are not justified by
the increases in efficiency that can be
achieved
HYBRID - CONTRA-ROTATING
PROPULSION SYSTEM
Why use hybrid contra-rotating propellers?