PLANNING LOADING FOR BULK CARRIER

MODULE 1 – Dynamical Stability

MODULE 2 – Effect of free surface on stability

MODULE 3 – Planning the loading

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 MODULE 1
Dynamical Stability
1. Introduction
2. Formula for dynamical stability
3. GZ and KN curves
4. Solving the Dynamical Stability

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PLANNING LOADING FOR
BULK CARRIER COURSE
MODULE 1 – Dynamical Stability
MODULE 2 – Effect of free surface on stability
MODULE 3 – Planning the loading

Module 1 & 2 – refresher

Module 3 – Main Topic

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OBJECTIVES

On completion of this module, trainees will be

able to:
 Define and explain Dynamical Stability.
 State the formula for obtaining Dynamical
Stability.
 Calculate the value of GZ using KN curve.
 Calculate the Dynamical Stability at a given
angle of heel.

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INTRODUCTION: DYNAMICAL STABILITY

 Dynamical Stability - is defined as the

amount of work which must be done on a
ship to heel it to some angle, and is
represented by the area under the righting
moment curve up to that angle.
 It is also defined as the work done in
inclining ship.
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 W

g L1
W1

G g
Z
B
R
L
B1

When the ship is inclined G is raised while B is lowered. The weight of the ship has
been therefore been moved upwards by the distance the center of gravity has been
raised and downwards by the distance the center of buoyancy has been lowered.
Dynamical Stability = W x (B1Z - BG)

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 Finding GZ using Stability Cross Curves

 To find the GZ’s for any particular displacement,

locate the displacement concerned on the bottom
scale and through this point, erect a perpendicular
to cut all the curves.
 Translate the intersections with the curves
horizontally to the left-hand scale and read off the
GZ’s for each angle of heel.
 To find the correction to the GZ, multiply the
correction taken from the table for the angle of
heel concerned, by difference in KG’s.

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To apply the correction: when the ship’s KG is greater than 9 meters the
ship is less stable and the correction must be subtracted but when KG is
less than 9 meters the ship is more
05/30/20 MOTR stable and correction is to be added.
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Example:
Using the GZ curves, find the GZ’s at 15° intervals
between 0° and 90° when the displacement is
38,000 tonnes and KG is 8.5 meters.

Heel Tab. GZ 9m Corr'n (GG1sinA) Correct GZ

0 0 .5x0 0 0
15 0.81 .5x.259 0.13 0.94
30 1.90 .5x.5 0.25 2.15
45 2.24 .5x.707 0.35 2.59
60 1.70 .5x.866 0.43 2.13
75 0.68 .5x.966 0.48 1.16
90 -0.49 .5x1.0 0.5 0.01

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 KN CURVES

 It has already been shown that the Stability Cross

Curves for a ship are constructed by plotting the
righting levers for an assumed height of the center
of gravity above keel.
 In some cases the curves are constructed for an
assumed KG of zero (0).
 The curves are then referred to as KN curves, KN
being the righting lever measured from the keel.

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The correct righting levers are then obtained by subtracting from the KN values a
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correction equal to the product of the kg and sin heel.
 Example
 Find the righting levers for M/V Cargo Carrier
when the displacement is 40,000 tonnes and the
KG is 10 meters.
Heel KN sin Heel KG xsin heel GZ = KN - KG sin heel
5 0.9 0.087 0.87 0.03
10 1.92 0.174 1.74 0.18
15 3.11 0.259 2.59 0.52
20 4.25 0.342 3.42 0.83
30 6.3 0.5 5 1.3
45 8.44 0.707 7.07 1.37
60 9.39 0.866 8.66 0.73
75 9.29 0.966 9.66 -0.37
90 8.5 1 10 -1.5

KG
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 GZ CURVE

 These are a set of curves from which the

righting lever about an assumed center of
gravity for any angle of heel at any particular
displacement may be found by inspection.
 The curves are plotted for an assumed KG
and if the actual KG of the ship differs from
this, a correction must be applied to the
righting levers taken from the curves.

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Example on GZ Curve

Construct the curve of statical stability for the M/V

Cargo Carrier when the displacement is 35,000
tonnes and KG is 9 meters. From the curve you
have constructed find the following:
 The range of stability
 The angle of vanishing stability
 The maximium righting lever and the angle of
heel at which it occurs
 The approximate initial metacentric height

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 GZ Curve
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Heel KN sin Heel KG xsin heel GZ = KN - KG sin heel
5 0.9 0.087 0.783 0.117
10 2 0.174 1.566 0.434
15 3.2 0.259 2.331 0.869
20 4.4 0.342 3.078 1.322
30 6.5 0.5 4.5 2
45 8.75 0.707 6.363 2.387
60 9.7 0.866 7.794 1.906
75 9.4 0.966 8.694 0.706
90 8.4 1 9 -0.6

KG 9
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 Formula for Dynamical Stability

 If the curve of statical stability for a ship

has been constructed the dynamical stability
to any angle of heel may be found by
multiplying the area under the curve to the
angle concerned by the vessel’s
displacement.
 Dynamical Stability = Displacement x Area
under the stability curve.
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 RADIAN

 It should be noted that in finding the area under the

stability curve by the use of Simpson’s Rules, the
common interval must be expressed in radians.
57.3º = 1 radian
1º = 1/57.3 radians
x º = x/57.3 radians
 Therefore to convert degrees to radians simply divide the
number of degrees by 57.3º.

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Example 1
A ship of 5,000 tonnes displacement has righting
levers as follows:
Angle of heel 10º 20º 30º 40º
GZ (meters) 0.21 0.33 0.40 0.43
Calculate the Dynamical Stability to 40º heel.
GZ SM Function of Area
0 1 0
0.21 4 0.84 h = 10º
0.33 2 0.66 10
0.40 4 1.60 h=
57.3
0.43 1 0.43
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The area under the stability curve = h/3 x 3.53
= 10/57.3 x 1/3 x 3.53
= 0.2053 meter-radians
Dynamical Stability =W x Area under stab. Curve
= 5000 x 0.2053
Ans.
Dynamical Stability = 1026.5 meter-tonnes

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Example 2

When inclined, a ship of 8,000 tonnes displacement has

the following righting levers:
HEEL 15º 30º 45º 60º
GZ (m) 0.20 0.30 0.32 0.24
Calculate the Dynamical Stability to 60 degrees heel.
GZ SM Functions of Area
0 1 0
0.20 4 0.8
0.30 2 0.6
0.32 4 1.28
0.24 1 0.24
Total 2.92

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The area under the stability curve = h/3 x 2.92
Interval = 15 degrees
h = 15
57.3

The area under the stability curve = 15 x 1 x 2.92

57.3 3
= 0.2548
Dynamical Stability = 8,000 x 0.2548
= 2038.4 meter-tons Answer
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