CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

History of Bridge Development
1900 A.D. 2000 A.D.
1800 A.D.

Truss Bridges
Prestressed Concrete
First Cast-Iron Bridge Mechanics of Design Steel
Coalbrookdale, England

Suspension Bridges
Britannia Tubular Bridge
Use of Steel for the
Wrought Iron suspending cables
1850 A.D. 1920 A.D.
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How Bridges Work?

Every passing vehicle shakes the bridge up

and down, making waves that can travel at
hundreds of kilometers per hour.
Luckily the bridge is designed to damp them
out, just as it is designed to ignore the efforts of
the wind to turn it into a giant harp.
A bridge is not a dead mass of metal and
concrete: it has a life of its own, and
understanding its movements is as important
as understanding the static forces.
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Types of Bridges
Basic Types:
•Beam Bridge
•Arch Bridge
•Suspension Bridge

The type of bridge used depends on various features of the obstacle. The main feature that controls the
bridge type is the size of the obstacle. How far is it from one side to the other? This is a major factor in
determining what type of bridge to use.
The biggest difference between the three is the distances they can each cross in a single span.
Truss Bridge Forces
Every bar in this truss bridge experiences either a pushing or pulling force. The bars rarely bend. This is why
truss bridges can span farther than beam bridges.
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Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone.
Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 250 m.

Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can span 600 to 2,000 feet -- way farther than any
other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system
beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting.
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Suspension Bridges

Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers
and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down
on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the
two towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight.
Cable-Stayed Bridge
The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in
a different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape. Cable-
stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges for medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000
feet).
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Pros and Cons of Cable Stayed Bridges
• Much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced.
• + Can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent
supports to the bridge deck.
• + For a symmetrical bridge (spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces are balanced
and large ground anchorages are not required.
• + Can be constructed faster than suspension bridge.
• + Requires less cable than suspension bridge.
• + Strong against earthquakes.
• - Vulnerable to the forces of wind because of the cables' flexibility and inability to handle compression and bending
forces.
• - Cables are pulling the bridge deck diagonally, not directly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the
resulting horizontal compression forces.

Difference between cable stayed bridge and cable suspension bridge:

A multiple-tower cable-stayed bridge may appear similar to a suspension bridge, but in fact is very different in principle and in
the method of construction. The cables are attached to the towers, which alone bear the load.
In the suspension bridge, a large cable hangs between two towers, and is fastened at each end to anchorages in the ground or
to a massive structure.
Suspension bridge - These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the
cables are under tension from only their own weight.
Suspension bridge - Smaller cables or rods are then suspended from the main cable, and used to support the load of the bridge
deck, which is lifted in sections and attached to the suspender cables.
Suspension bridge - The tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages, which are sometimes
difficult to construct owing to poor soil conditions.
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Basic math and science concepts
To design a bridge like you need to take into account the many
forces acting on it :

• The pull of the earth on every part

• The ground pushing up the supports
• The resistance of the ground to the pull of the cables
• The weight of every vehicle

Then there is the drag and lift produced by the wind

• The turbulence as the air rushes past the towers

The layout of the cable stays affects the structural behaviour of the bridge, the erection method and the
architectural expression of the bridge. The most common solution is to construct the bridge with two cable
plains, but some bridges have been built with one central plain. It is typical that for bridges with multiple cable
plains there are crossings of cables in the side view of the bridge.
In case the deck of the bridge is very wide it is possible to design three cable plains because transverse
bending moment is reduced to ¼ when the deck is divided to two parts with three cable plains. If the bridge is
for both railway and road, the railway can be placed in the middle of the deck between the cable plains while
the lanes are on cantilever in lateral direction.
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Advantages of cable stayed bridges:
Much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are
reduced.
Can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent
supports to the bridge deck.
For a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces
balance and large ground anchorages are not required.
Introduction:
A cable-stayed bridge, one of the most modern bridges, consists of a continuous strong beam (girder)
with one or more pillars or towers in the middle.
Cables stretch diagonally between these pillars or towers and the beam .These cables support the beam.
The cables are anchored in the tower rather than at the end.
Tension

Load Transmission

Compression
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Components of cable stayed Bridge
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Classification:
Radial : cables connect
Design Elements:
evenly throughout the
Cable configuration deck, but all converge on
Tower / Pylon the top of the pier
Superstructure (Bridge deck)
Cables
Harp : cables are
Foundations parallel, and evenly
Abutments spaced along the deck
and the pier
 Based on arrangements of the cables
• Radiating
• Harp
• Fan Fan : a combination of
• star radial and harp types
 Based on the shape of pylon
• A-type (suitable in regions of
strong winds & long spans)
• H-type (must use transverse
bracing b/w tower shafts to Star-shaped : cables are
protect from winds) connected to two
• Y-type opposite points on the
pier
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Tower design
• The tower may be hinged or fixed at the base. This decision must be based on the knowledge of the
magnitude and relationship between the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the bridge.
• The height of the tower must be decided on the several factors, such as tower height to span length,
type of cable arrangements, and the general aesthetics of the bridge.
• In principle the pylon is a tower structure where the most decisive load will be the axial force originating
from the vertical components of the forces in the cables attached to the pylon. The pylon has to carry
heavy loads, usually several thousands of tons. Therefore, box sections with a large kern width are the
best to provide safety against buckling with the minimum amount of material.

The pier design : flexible piers at their base = Pier design : piers with flexural rigidity at their
strong distortion of the deck base = Less distortion of the deck
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Tower / Pylon
Tower or pylons can be supported by three
different ways.
•First solution is to fix pylons at the foundation. In this
case large bending moments are produced in the
pylon although the advantage is the increased rigidity.
•Second solution is to fix the pylons at the
superstructure. In this case of the single-box-main-
bridge system the pylons are generally fixed to the
box.
•Third solution is to build hinged pylons. This
arrangement reduces bending moments in the pylons
and simplifies analysis of overall structure.
•Most pylons of modern cable-stayed bridges consist
of a single rectangular box built with thick steel plates
which are joined by either welding or riveting.
•Pylons may be built of metal or of reinforced or
prestressed concrete. The advantage of metal pylons
lies in their faster fabrication and erection.
•For large cable-stayed bridges, the pylons can be built
more economically with concrete than with steel and
the saving can be as high as 40 % of the pylon cost.
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Shapes of Pylon • A cable may be composed of one or more structural ropes,
structural strands, locked coil strands or parallel wire
strands.
• A strand is an assembly of wires formed helically around
centre wire in one or more symmetrical layers.
• A strand can be used either as an individual load-carrying
member, where radius or curvature is not a major
requirement, or as a component in the manufacture of the
structural rope.
• A rope is composed of a plurality of strands helically laid
around a core. In contrast to the strand, a rope provides
increased curvature capability and is used where curvature
of the cable becomes an important consideration.
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Cables are made of high-strength steel, usually encased in a plastic or steel covering that is filled with grout ,
a fine grained form of concrete, for protection against corrosion.
Selection of cable configuration:
The selection of cable configuration and number of cables is dependent mainly on length of the span, type
of loadings, number of roadway lanes, height of towers, and the designer’s individual sense of proportion and
aesthetics.
Cost also plays important role in deciding the selection.
Using less number of cables increases concentrated load at a single point thereby requiring additional
reinforcement for the deck slab as well as pylon.
Position of cables in space:
•Two plane system
• Two Vertical Planes System
• Two Inclined Planes System
•The Single Plane System
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Two vertical plane system:
In this type of system there are two parallel sets of cables and the tower on the either sides of the bridge,
which lie in the same vertical plane.
• The cable anchorages may be situated outside the deck structure, which is better than the other in terms
of space as no deck area of the deck surface is obstructed by the presence of the cables and the towers.
• But this requires substantial cantilevers to be constructed in order to transfer the shear and the bending
moment into the deck structure.
• When the cables and tower lie within the cross-section of the bridge, the area taken up cannot be utilized
as a part of the roadway and may be only partly used for the sidewalk. Thus as area of the deck surface
is made non-effective and has to be compensated for by increasing overall width of the deck.
Two inclined plane system:
• In this system the cables run from the edges of the bridge deck to a point above the centreline of the
bridge on an A-shaped tower or λ-shaped or diamond shaped pylon.
• This arrangement can be recommended for very long spans where the tower has to be very high and
needs the lateral stiffness given by the triangle and the frame junction.
The single plane system:
• This type of system consists of bridges with only one vertical plane of stay cables along the middle
longitudinal axis of the superstructure
• As the cables are located in a single centre vertical strip thus all the space is utilized by the traffic.
• This system also creates a lane separation as a natural continuation of the highway approaches to the
bridge.
• longitudinal arrangements of the cables used with two planes bridges are also applied to single centre
girder bridges.
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Foundation:
•After the construction of coffer dam, drilling is done to required depth and temporary casing or drilled shafts of
requisite diameter are installed with help of oscillator placed over temporary platform.
•Now, in these casing cage made of rebar is inserted with the help of two big cranes. HD stands and
reinforcing bars of steel which acts as back bone of concrete and makes structure sound.
•Finally concrete is poured into the casing with the help of pipe and pump trucks to have piles. Over the piles
so constructed pile cap is formed above which tower/pylon can be constructed.
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Piers:
Piers - The piers are the towering part of the structure which hold the road way and the pylons.
The piers shall be constructed using reinforced concrete or prestressed colums. The piers may have the
design of tapering down from top to bottom.
The piers shall be constructed either using an automatic rail climbing system (ACS) or Hydraulic slip form
climbing system . The system required the bottom section the pier be constructed then the climbing system
attached to rail secured to the pier. Allowing the system to move up the piers independently .
The ACS would pour appropriate lift heights of concrete at a time allowing accurate pours and ensuring
structural stability.
The ACS shall cater to schedule as per master programme. The system should allow for a correct pour each
time it moved up the pier.
Coffer dam:
Sheet piles are installed with the help of pile driving hammers and coffer dam is formed, that is an island in
the river with no fishes and is isolated from render of the flowing water and so that work can be done in any
season.
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Pylon / Tower:
•Above this pile cap, pylons or towers are constructed with the help of prefabricated steel bars as shown
below. These are green because of the oxy coating over them which protect them from corrosion.
•These towers are constructed to height as per drg and over these pylons deck is than constructed. The total
height of pylons shall be constructed in lifts of approx 4m with rebar extended with couplers.
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Pier Table and Deck Construction:
•After the construction of pylon up to deck level, pier table is constructed. A pier table is the first portion of deck, through which
cast units are placed and span is constructed.
•It is a launching zone for the rest of bridge. Here pier table is of for eg: 65` and requires for eg: 1000 cubic yard of concrete. After
the construction of pier table, remaining portion of the deck is constructed with the help of segments either precast or cast in
place. The lifting of segments is done by for eg: Enerpac & Asian Hercules heavy liting system mechanism.
•For placing segments temporary cables are required which are distressed after stressing permanent cables. Stressing or
tensioning is done with hydraulic jacks and cables are anchored by wedges.
•With the help of temporary cables, hanged by hydraulic jack from temporary precast platform over the tower, the precast
segments were held in level of pier table. The segments are connected to the pier table with the help of projecting bars & pipes as
shown. In the construction of deck anchor block is provided to pass cable below the deck for stressing.

Pier Table construction

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Deck Construction (Alternate Method- Long spans on sea ) deep valleys):
•Once these temporary piers were erected, placement of the huge weight of prefabricated deck begins.
•Decks shall be placed with the help of hydraulics from Enerpac or appropriate agency.
•Simply pushing this enormous weight over the top of the venerable piers would bring them crashing to the ground.
•The construction team makes a launching system in which they use a series of launching systems to jack up the deck and inch it
forward each system uses two wedge shape block on each side of the deck. the upper wedge is pulled forward by hydraulic
system its slides up the slope of the lower wedge same time lifting the deck from it supports and advancing it say 500 mm. the
lower wedge then retracts dropping the deck to its support the upper wedge returns to its original position and the whole cycles
begins again. Four of these devices shall be required to place on each piers all programmed to work exactly at a same time. The
result is they pick up the entire road way and move it forward. Every 1 hour the deck advances by approx 500mm across the
valley.

Long span deck erection on sea Usage of temporary piers in valley

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Deck Construction (Alternate Method- Form Traveller Method):
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Deck Construction (Alternate Method- Form Traveller Method):
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Installation of permanent cable and its components:
A cable consists of six strands twisted together with resin in between them and coated with black plastic. A group of these cables
holds the deck. This group of cable is covered by HDPE pipe. Now installation process is carried out, in which HDPE pipes are
held in air and with the help of machine cable is forced through HDPE pipe to reach saddle of pylon. There are 30 to 110 strands
in each saddle from one to other side of tower. After the cables reached the other side they individually are stressed with the help
of hydraulic jack and computers on both sides of tower. After stressing the bridge is surveyed for stability. If it is not so stable than
more stressing is done. If bridge settles after some years the cables can again be stressed. These cables below the bridge are
protected by galvanized cap and whole anchor is injected with wax. Finally construction completes and temporary cables are
removed.
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BRIDGE DETAILS:
 LENGTH OF SEA LINK: 5600 m
CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA
 LENGTH OF CABLE STAY LINK CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
PORTION: 600 m
 HEIGHT OF PYLON/TOWER : 123 m
 NO. OF PIERS : 620
 LONGEST SPAN : 2x250 m
 LOCATION : A Cloverleaf Interchange
at Mahim Intersection and a Flyover
at the Lovegrove Intersection have
been proposed as part of this project
to enhance the faster and safe traffic
dispersal.
 CLIENT : MSRDC
 MAIN CONTRACTOR : HCC
 TOTAL PROJECT COST : Rs 850
Crore
 SCHEDULED INITIALIZATION &
COMPLETION: MAY, 1999 & MAY,
2002
 ACTUAL COMPLETION : AUGUST,
2009
 AMOUNT OF CONC. USED : 0.2
million cum.
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
SUB SURFACE EXPLORATION:
Initial geotechnical investigation: 25
bore holes along the length to obtain
the soil profile.
SUB STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
 PILING:
 TYPE OF PILES : COMBINED END EARING
AND FRICTION PILES
 DIA OF PILES USED : 1.5 – 2 m
 DEPTH OF PILES : 5.15 – 663.4 m
 PILE GROUP UNDER THE PYLON : 40 NOS.
 CONST. TYPE : BORED CAST IN SITU
 TECHNOLOGY USED : REVERSE
CIRCULATION DRILL
 SUPPORT STRUCTURES : COFFERDAM &
SHEET PILING
 PILE CAP THK – 3.5 m
 CONCRETE USED – M60, HPC
 PIER LENGTH – 4-6 m DEPENDING UPON
THE GRADIENT OF BED
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
COFFER DAM CONSTRUCTION
A temporary water tight structure
to facilitate const. of project which
are submerged in water. It consist
of casings of 1.5 m dia and sheet
piles
Once the coffer dam is constructed,
water is pumped out. Dewatering
technique adopted was well point
system. Piling technique used was
reverse circulation drill. RCD drill bit is
used for drilling.
Drill bit consists of pneumatic piston ,
Depth achievable : 500 m, Bit dia : 13 –
20 cm, Material : Tungsten Steel,
Output : 900 – 1150 cfm @ 350 rpm.
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
UPPER PYLON

While constructing the upper tower leg, the care was to

be taken that the reinforcement does not fall due to its
self weight, that is why embedded tubes were fit in
jump form to provide extra support in legs.
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
Superstructure Construction:
Precast Segmental Construction involving
 Match Casting
 Span by Span Erection for approach spans
Parameters for segment casting
 Alignment of the individual span to which segment belong.
 Precamber necessary to take care of deformations of the girder due to self weight, prestress and other permanent loads.
 Necessary corrections for errors in the casting of adjacent segment cast earlier, while match casting.

 Total number of segments – 2500 & more.

 Three types of segment
 Approach Span Segment
 Main Cable stayed segment
 Segment on Piers
 Size of Approach Segment –18.1m x 3.2m x
3.0m
 Size of Main Cable Stay Segment – 20.8m x
3.2m x 3m
 Weight of each Segment – 150 tonnes
 Total length of Casting Yard- 350m
 Capacity – 300 segments at a time
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CASE STUDY - WORLI BANDRA SEA LINK BRIDGE
• The Erection Gantry does the erection of span.
• A typical 50m span comprises of 15 numbers of precast segments
• The segments are transported to the site with the help of barges.
• Each segment is lifted and all the segments in a single span are aligned together and brought about at the
same level.
• At the time of match casting High Tensile Steel Rods are passed through the ducts provided in the
segments and tightened with the help of a Winch machine.
• Sikadur 31 SBA 02 / 03 solution is used so that the two segments can be glued together.
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Asian Hercules used to displace Erection Gantry

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• The cable - stayed portion is 600 meters in overall length.

• It consists of two 250 meters cable supported main spans flanked by 50 meters conventional approach
spans.
• A centre tower with an overall height of 128 meters above pile cap level supports the superstructure by
means of four planes of stay cables in a semi - fan arrangement.
• Cable spacing is 6.0 meters along the bridge deck and are tied up to every alternate girder.
• Big tower - 264 stay cables
Length - Min- 85m
Max- 250m
• Small tower - 160 stay cables
Length - Min- 30m
Max- 80m

• In each there are approx. 135

strands stressed with the help
of a hydraulic jack.
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Description of Shapes
In this bridge, the distance of the
Triangles are one of the shapes used
cable up the tower is equal to the
by the attachment of the cables and
distance from the tower to
the beam – this shape is used
connection point on the beam and
because of its ability to transfer the
is a 90 degree angle
tension as the moving load goes
across the bridge

A rectangle is attached at
Triangulated bracing between the cables the convergence point of
reduces the amplitude of oscillations the beam and tower for
stability
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Continuity of PT & Grouting:

•Once the Deck is complete Post Tensioning of all the segments is done so as to bring them to a specific predetermined geometry.
•The grouting of the bridge includes a major task of fill up the space left in the holes for the PT cables.

Cable force adjustment and fine tuning:

•Iterative process
•Last stage
•Rechecking of tension forces in each cable so as to confirm that it equals the forces.
•1 to 2% of variation.

Benefits of Worli – Bandra Sea Link:

•It is estimated that the sea link will help saving Rs. 10 million annually due to congestion in traffic and length of the previous route
and shorter new route.
•While earlier it used to take 40 minutes for drive between Bandra and Worli, now the distance can be covered in mere 8 minutes
resulting in large savings in time.
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QUESTIONS…?
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THANK YOU