ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS : THE GLOBAL THREAT

JALAL A1*, GHOSH D1, BISWAS S2 & PAL R2

1
Global College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Krishnanagar, Nadia, West Bengal.
2 Assistant Professor , Global College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Krishnanagar, Nadia, West Bengal.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Defined as micro-organisms that

are not inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an
antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedule and/or fall in the
minimum inhibitory concentration range.

 Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a  Prevent infections by ensuring your hands,
certified health professional. instruments and environment are clean.

 Keep your patients’ vaccinations up to date.

 Always take the full prescription, even if
you feel better.
 If you think a patient might need antibiotics,
where possible, test to confirm and find out
 Never use left over antibiotics. which one.

 Never share antibiotics with others.  Only prescribe and dispense and antibiotics
when they are truly needed.
 Prevent infection by regularly washing
your hands, avoiding contact with sick  Prescribe and dispense the right antibiotic
at the right dose for the right duration.
people and keeping your vaccinations up
Antibiotic Resistance
to date.

Acquired
Intrinsic (Natural)
(Genetic Methods)

Chromosomal Methods Extra chromosomal Methods

(Mutations) (Plasmids)

1. Chromosomal Methods (Mutation) 2. Extra chromosomal Methods

It refers to the change in DNA
structure of the gene and making
microorganisms resistant by
following mechanisms.
 Enzymatic destruction of drug
 Prevention of penetration of drug
 Alteration of drug's target site
 Rapid ejection of the drug
(Plasmids):
Plasmids which carry genes resistant
( r-genes) are called R- plasmids.
These r-genes can be readily
transferred from one R-plasmid to
another plasmid or to chromosome by
following methods.
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

 Innate ability of a bacterial species to resist the activity of a particular antimicrobial

drug through inherent structure or functional characteristics.

Example: anaerobes are intrinsically resistant to amino glycosides.

33% antibiotics are prescribed by

30% antibiotics are given
doctors in the hospital have errors like
unnecessarily because patient gives
wrong dose, wrong duration, wrong
pressure to the doctor to prescribe it.
drug.

Ahammad, Ziaddin S., et al. “Increased waterborne

I would like to express my
special thanks and gratitude
to my honourable teacher
cum guide Mr. Rohan Pal and
Mr. Sourav Biswas, assistant
professor ,Global College of
Pharmaceutical Technology,
for his true guidence and
endless support in finishing
my poster presentation.
blaNDM-1 resistance gene abundances associated with
seasonal human pilgrimages to the Upper Ganges River.”
Environmental Science & Technology 48.5 (2014): 3014-3020.
Ahmad, Akram, Muhammad Umair Khan, and Rajesh
Balkrishnan. “Fixed-dose combination antibiotics in India:
Global perspectives.” The Lancet Global Health 4.8 (2016):
e521.
Akiba, Masato, et al. “Impact of wastewater from different
sources on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant
Escherichia coli in sewage treatment plants in South India.”
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 115 (2015): 203-208.