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Basic enzymology
– The lock and key model to explain the binding and specificity
in enzyme action
What is an Enzyme?
• Enzymes
- Are the most remarkable and highly specialized protein
In short,
Living systems use catalyst called enzymes to increase the
rate of chemical reactions
Why to study enzymology
The study of enzymes has immense practical importance:
- In medical science: to know the epidemiology, to diagnose, and to
treat diseases ( inheritable genetic disorders)
- In chemical industries
- In food Processing
- In agriculture
• Normally, atoms that approach too closely repel each other; but
if the groups have sufficient free energy, they can pass this point
and react with each other to form products.
- Acid-base catalysis
- Covalent catalysis
The same keto-enol tautomerization reaction shown in the previous slide can be
accelerated by a catalyst that can accept a proton. In this case, it is a base
catalyst (:B), where the dots represent unpaired electron. Base catalysis lowers
the energy of transition state and thereby accelerates the reaction.
Amino acid side chains that can act as acid-base catalysts
Covalent catalysis…
• In covalent catalysis, a covalent bond is formed between the catalyst
and the substrate during formation of the transition state
Two transition
states flank the
covalent
intermediate.
The relative
heights of the
activation energy
barriers (the
energies of the
two transition
states, X‡1 and
X‡2) vary
depending on
the reactions.
Metal ion catalysis…
• Enzyme–substrate complexes:
The fit between enzyme and substrate in binding helps to produce enzyme
specificity. Complementarity between enzyme and and substrate is governed by
factors besides shape– e.g., the electrical charge. The substrate may be
positively charged and the enzyme’s active site negatively charged and vice
versa.
Hydrogen bonds and other weak forces may also hold the the enzyme- substrate
complex together. Hydrophobic regions of the substrate associate with similar
regions on the active site of the enzyme. For most enzymes contributions from
shape, charge, and a large number of weak forces are responsible for the
formation and strength of the complex.
Transition state stabilization
• Linus Pauling (1946) formulated the principle that