DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS

ANIMALS
Latin word derived from Anima (Soul/breath)
Def: Multicellular, Diploid, heterotopic
Characteristics
 More then million spp of animals
 Eukaryotic
 Develop from two haploid gametes
 Outer covering is cell membrane
 Heterotopic and ingest their food
 Motile

Classification
1. On basis of vertebral column
2. On basis of Cellular composition
3. On basis of Arrangement of cells/ layers
 On basis of Vertebral column
1. VERTEBRATA
Def: Those animals which posses backbone
Phyla of Vertebrata
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Avian (Birds) and Mammals
2. INVERTEBRATA

Def: Those animals do not posses backbone

Phyla of Invertebrate
• Porifera Mollusca
• Coelenterate Arthropoda
• Platyhelminthes Echinodermata
• Aschelminthes Chordata
• Annelida
 Categories of Phylum
 Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Binomial nomenclature
 Zoological Names assigned to animal

 Two name assigned (Genus and Specie)

 First generic name must Capital

 Second name is Small letter

 Scientific name must Italic and underlined

Example: Homo sapiens

 Classification of animal on the basis of cellular composition
1. Protozoa
Def: Single celled Animals
Example: Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma

2. Parazoa
Def: Simple Multicellular which not differentiated into tissue & organ
Example: Porifera

3. Metazoa
Def: Multicellular and body differentiated in tissue,
organ & organ system
Example: Coelenterates to Chordata
On the basis of Arrangement of Cells/ layers

Complexity in Animals

Eumetazoa: Their tissue organized in to organ

1. Radiata: In which body divided in 2 equal parts (Central axis)

e.g Coelenterates (Cnidaria)

2. Bilateria: Body divided in 2 equal parts (imaginary line)

e.g Nematode, Annelida, Mollusk

 Diploblastic and Triploblastic organization
Diploblastic Triploblastic
1. Def: Body made of 2 layer Body made of 3 layer
2. Middle layer Jelly like mesoglea b/w 2 layer Mesoderm b/w 2 layer
3. Symmetry Radial Bilateral
4. Nervous System Absent but neuron present CNS present
5. Digestive system Gastro-vascular cavity, only mouth Mouth & anus
Example: Sponges and Hydra Higher animal
Classes of Triploblastic animals
1. Acoelomates : Do not posses body cavity/ coelom
Characteristic

o Fill space between ectoderm and endoderm

o Only nervous and excretory system well-developed

Example: Plathelminths

2. Pseudocoelomates: Not true body cavity

Characteristics

o Develop from Blastocoel

o Externally line with muscular layer and internally cuticle of intestine

Example: Aschelminthes
3. Coelomates: Having true body cavity
Characteristics
o Coelomic fluid
o Protect internal organs

Example: Annelida, Chordata Classification of Coelomates

1. Protostomes 2. Deuterostomes
(First mouth) (First Anus)
 Develop first opening in embryo is mouth Develop First opening is anus in embryo
 Bilateral symmetry Radial Symmetry
 Subkingdom: Parazoa
Phylum Porifera

Porus (Minute holes), Ferra (to bear)

o Pore all over body (Ostia) but tissue and organ not present

o Anterior opening called osculum and cavity Spongocoel

o Body wall 2 layers outer pinacoderm (Pinacocytes), inner Choanoderm (Choanocyte)

o Amoebacytes special mobile cells nutritive and produce sperm and ova

o Canal system

o Food are Phytoplankton and Zooplanktons, Crustaceons

o Skeleton mad of Carbonate and Silica (Spicules)

 Economic importance of Sponges
 Anciently used for washing and bathing

 Surgical operation to adsorb blood and other fluid

 Reduce noise pollution used in building as sound proof

Example: Sycon, Spongilla, leucoselenia, Euplectella

 Subkingdom: Eumatazoa
1. Grade Radiata 2. Grade Bilateria

i. Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Kolios (Hollow), enteron (intestine)

Characteristics
 Also called Cnidaria b/c Cnidocytes give rise
nematocytes (in tentacles) for defenses
 Body wall diploblastic and one cavity called gastro-vascular cavity
 Tentacles around mouth to capture food
 Nervous system well define but not CNS
 Larvae produce called plamula
 Reproduction by budding

Example: Obelia, Sea anemone, hydra, jelly fish

Polymorphism in Coelenterates
Def: Existence of 2 or more then 2 form of individual/ Zooids
Example: Obelia
 Obelia is dimorphic consist two zooids
1. Polyps: It is nutritive zooid b/c manage food
2. Medusae: Reproductive zooid b/c produce sperm and ova
 Blastostyle: Born on blastostyle a generative zooid

Importance of Polymorphism
 Different function perform by different zooids instead of part or organ

Alternation of generation
Def: Asexual zooids produce Sexual zooids and asexual zooids produce Asexual zooids
 Polyps is asexual zooid while medusae is sexual zooid
 2. Grade Bilateria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Platys (Flat), helminths (Worm)

Characteristics
o On land & water
o Body acoelomate
o Hook and sucker for attachment
o Digestive system branched & single opening
o Excretory System consist of flame cells
o Locomotion by cilia
o Reproduction by fragmentation, hermaphrodite (in same species)
o Fertilization internal, may b self or cross
Example: Planaria, Liver fluke, Tapeworm
 Importance of Platyhelminthes
1. Animal disease:

Goat, sheep, cow, horse & other domestic

animals e.g Liver fluke, Tapeworm

2. Human Disease:

Cause infection results retard growth, Nausea, Abdominal

pain, Nervous disorder e.g Taenia saginatta (Tapeworm)

ii. Aschelminthes (Nematode)
Nementos (Thread), Eidos (Form)

Characteristics

 Shape elongated, cylindrical and tapering at both end

 Body cavity is pseudocoelom, unsegmented & cover with cuticle

 Digestive system two opening (Mouth and Anus) Excretory pore on ventral surface

 Respiratory system absent, exchange take place through surface

 Locomotion through undulating waves contraction and relaxation of muscles

 Sex separate, female gamete (Ovaries), male (Sperm)

Example: Round worm, hook worm, pin worm

 Importance of Nematodes
1. Ascharis
• Intestinal parasite

2. Pin worm
• Cause inflammation of human caecum, colon,
Appendix

3. Hook worm
• Dangerous hold villi of intestine & suck blood,
after feeding leave wound

4. Round worm
• Breaking down organic matter in soil
A. Filicineae (Ferns or seedless plants)
Characteristics
Habitat: Moist, shaded, hills and plains

Plant body: Stem underground (Rhizome), short aerial also

Leaves megaphyllous (Fronds) stalk (petiole) without stalk (Rachis)

Adventitious roots (Arise from aerial stem)

Sporangia under surface of leaves

Homosporous: One kind of spore

Gametophyte: Produce by spore called prothallus (antheridia and archegonia)

Example: Adiantum, Pteris, Pteridium, Dryopteris

Adiantum (Maiden hair ferns)
Vegetative structure
Habitat: Moist, shady places
Plant body: Stem short, thick unbranched (Rhizome)
Leaves megaphyllous (Fronds), Main stalk (Rachis)
Adventitious roots and fibrous (Arise from rhizome)
Life cycle
of
adiantum
 ALTERNATION OF GENERATION IN ADIANTUM

Def: Process by which sporophyte produce gametophyte and gametophyte produce sporophyte during life
cycle of an organisms

Sporophyte : Sporophyte Spore Gametophyte

Gametophyte: Gametophyte Antheridia and archegonia Zygote Sporophyte

IMPORTANCE OF SEEDLESS PLANTS

1. Evolutionary importance: Link between bryophytes and pteridophytes

2. Edible: As vegetable e.g Ferns, Pteridium

1. Establish plant community: By process of succession

4. As medicine: Equistum (Uncontrol urine), Adiantum (Cough and chest pain), lycopodium (Liver disease)
EVOLUTION OF LEAF
 Primary function is photosynthesis, also transpiration and

respiration .

1. Evolution of Microphyllous leaf

Def: Small, simple, scale like, single undivided vein

a. Formation of outgrowth:

b. Reduction:

2. Evolution of Megaphyllous leaf

1. Overtopping

2. Planation

3. Webbing
B. GYMNOSPERMAE
Naked Seed

Characteristics
Habitat: Tropical and temperate & form big forest
Plant body: Stem woody, cambium present and secondary growth take place
leaves evergreen, thick cuticle, 2 type (Green foliage and brown scale)
Roots developed symbiotic association with fungi
Cone: No flower but male female cone in same plant
Gametophyte: Micro develop male gametophyte, mega into female gametophyte
Fertilization: Only one sperm fuse with to form zygote
Poly-embryo: Formation of many embryo but finally one mature
Alternation of generation: Occurs
Example: Pinus, Cycas, Cedars
 IMPORTANCE OF PINUS

1. Source of timber: Furniture and other building construction

2. Source of wood: Boat and railways lines e.g Cedrus deodar

3. Resin: Chir pine (Pinus roxburgii)

4. Source of food: Chilghoza (Pinus geradiana)

5. As ornamental: cycas (Cycas circinalis)

C. ANGIOSPERMAE
Sac Seed

Characteristics
Flowering plant: Flowering and seed enclosed in ovary

Plant body: Stem, Root, Leaves

Heterospory: 2 type spore (micro and megaspore)

Highly evolved: Diverse and Annual, biennial or perennials

Fertilization: Double fertilization

Fruit formation: Ovary mature into fruit and ovules into seed

Alternation of generation: Occurs

 Inflorescence and its types
Def: The cluster of flower on one common axis
1. Typical raceme: Cassia fistula 3. Catkin: Mulberry & willow

2. Spike: Puth kanda, Bottle brush 4. Corymb: Candytuft

5. Umbel: Brahmi booti, Carrot 7. Capitulum: Sunflower

6. Panicle: Grapes, Mango and Oat

 Medicinal nature of Angiosperms
1. Cannabis (Cannabis Sativa)

For treatment of Sleeping Disorders, Glaucoma

2. Coca (Erythroxylon coca)
Cocaine for anesthesia, Altitude Sickness
3. Daffodil (Narcissus Spp)
Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease
4. Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
Atropine for relaxation of muscles
5. English yew (Taxus baccata)
Taxols for breast cancer
6. Fever tree (Cinchonna succiruba)
Quinine for malaria