Development

DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT

CATEGORIES OF PERSONS

• Do all of these persons have

the same notion of
development or progress?
•Most likely not.
• Each one of them seeks different things.
• They seek things that are most important for
them, i.e., that which can fulfill their
aspirations or desires.
Some times these desires can be conflicting.

• Example:
• To get more electricity, industrialists may want
more dams.
• But this may submerge the land and disrupt
the lives of people who are displaced – such as
tribals.
• They might resent this and may prefer small
check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
 Conclusion:
• Two observations -
• 1. different persons can have different
developmental goals.
• 2. what may be development for one may
not be development for the other.
• It may even be destructive for the other.
 INCOME AND OTHER GOALS
• If you go over Table 1.1 again,
• Notice one common thing; what people
desire.
• People desire –
- regular work,
- better wages, and
- decent price for their crops or other products
that they produce.
•
They want more income.
 Income
• Money received, especially on a regular basis,
for work or through investments.
• Income is money that an individual or
business receives in exchange for providing a
good or service or through investing capital.
• In businesses, income can refer to a
company's remaining revenues after paying all
expenses and taxes.
 Other Goals of work -
• equal treatment,
• freedom,
• security,
• and respect of others.
• They resent discrimination.
• For development, people look at
a mix of goals.
• It is true that if women are engaged in paid
work, their dignity in the household and
society increases.
• However, it is also the case that if there is
respect for women there would be more
sharing of housework and a greater
acceptance of women working outside.
• A safe and secure environment may allow
more women to take up a variety of jobs or
run a business.
• Hence, the development goal is not about just
better income but other factors as well.
Give Some Examples where factors other than
income are important aspects of our lives.
• Security
• Freedom
• pollution free environment
• respect / dignity
• facilities
• satisfaction is more important than income..
• Political rights
 National Development
• The term ‘National Development’ is very broad
and comprehensive.
• It includes all aspects of the development of a
nation namely, political, social, economic etc.
• e.g. by providing social amenities like quality
education, potable water, transportation
infrastructure, medical care, etc.
• National development is both qualitative and
quantitative.
 Problems of National Development

• The high level of Progression of Economy can

be achieved, through good governance, Social-
Political and Economic Stability.
• Other Problems areUrbanization, over
Population, Poverty, Rural Stagnation, growing
inequalities growing between
Underdeveloped Countries like Nigeria and
Developed Countries
 As per United Nations
• ”National development is growth plus change
in turn is social, cultural as well as economic
and qualitative as well as quantitative.”
 In 1971, UNO gave the factors for National Development:-

• Maintain equal living standard for all.

• Equal share of all in profit.
• Ensure equal distribution of income and
capital.
• Expansion of facilities regarding education,
health,, shelter and social welfare.
• Preservation of environment.
 What should ne the development goal of a
country?
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty.
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education.
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower
Women.
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality.
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
 Developed countries
• A developed economy is typically
characteristic of a developed country with a
relatively high level of economic growth and
security. Standard criteria for evaluating a
country's level of development are
income per capita or per capita gross domestic
product, the level of industrialization, the
general standard of living, and the amount of
technological infrastructure.
 Developed countries
• Noneconomic factors, such as the
human development index (HDI), which
quantifies a country's levels of education,
literacy and health into a single figure, can
also be used to evaluate an economy or the
degree of development.
Percapita income / Average Income
Per capita Income =
Average Income / Total population
Per capita income (PCI) or average
income measures the average income earned
per person in a given area (city, region,
country, etc.) in a specified year. It is
calculated by dividing the total income by its
total population.
 Comparison of Countries Based on
Development
Indicators Developed Countries / Under Developed Middle Income
High Income countries Countries / Countries
Low Income Countries
Income Higher incomes Lesser incomes
US $ 12,236 (2016) US $ 1005 (2016) US $ 1840
Eg; Middle East
countries