“Group No.

: 1”
Group Members :
Yousra Ali [Roll no. 11 (M)]
Ayesha Abid [Roll no. 37 (M)]
Nouman Raza [Roll no. 8 (E)]
Muhib Ali [Roll no. 36 (M)]
Uneeba Arif [Roll no. 2 (E)]
Nadeem Munawar [Roll no. 33 (E)]
Hina Khan [Roll no. 20 (E)]
Ayesha Munir [Roll no. 33 (M)]
 Topic:
"History and
Classification of
Computer"
 " Computer "
• (Material submitted by: Yousra Ali)

• Definition:
• An electronic device which is capable of
receiving information (data) in a particular
form and of performing a sequence of
operations in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural
instructions (program) to produce a result in
the form of information or signals.
 History:
• Computer was invented because "be
necessity is the mother of invention". Man
always searched for a fast calculating device. It
took a long time to invent a digital computer.
A brief history behind the invention of the
computer is as follows:
 1. Abacus:
• Abacus was the first computing device. It is a Latin word,
derived from the Greek word “ABAX” which means a
calculating table. It was developed 5000 years ago. It was
used to perform simple addition and subtraction. Abacus was
a wooden rack. It contained horizontal wires with beads
strung on them. These beads could move easily. All simple
arthimetic calculations were performed by moving these
beads according to programming rules.
 2. John Napier:
• John Napier (1550-1617) was a
Scottish mathematician, physicist, and
astronomer. He created logarithm tables
to facilitate calculations. He also made
a device known as Napier's Bone. The
device used rods to perform arithmetic
calculations. It was designed in the early 17th century.
The device was widely used by accountants and
bookkeepers.
• The concept was of logarithm was
used to develop “Slide Rule”. The
modern slide rule could be used to
perform arithmetic calculations. It
was also used to calculate squares,
square root, logs, sine, and cosine,
etc. The slide rule used till the middle
of 70's. Napier's bones is a manually
-operated calculating device created by John Napier for
calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The
complete
device usually includes a base board with a rim;
• the user places Napier's rods inside the rim to
conduct multiplication or division. The board's
left edge is divided into 9 squares, holding the
numbers 1 to 9. The Napier's rods consist of
strips of wood, metal or heavy cardboard.
Napier's bones are three-dimensional, square
in cross section, with four different rods
engraved on each one. A set of such bones
might be enclosed in a convenient carrying
case.
 3. Blaise Pascal:
• (Material submitted by: Ayesha Abid)
• Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician,
physicist, inventor and writer. Pascal's
calculator (also known as the arithmetic
machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator
invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century. Pascal's
calculator was especially successful in the design of its carry
mechanism, which adds 1 to 9 on one dial, and when it
changes from 9 to 0, carries 1 to the next dial.
• His innovation made each digit independent of
the state of the others, which enabled multiple
carries to rapidly cascade from one digit to
another regardless of the machine's capacity.
• Pascal began to work on his calculator in 1642,
when he was 19 years old. He had been assisting
his father, who worked as a tax commissioner,
and sought to produce a device which could
reduce some of his workload. Pascal designed the
machine in 1642, and after 50 prototypes, he
presented it to the public in 1645. Pascal built
around twenty more machines during the next
decade, many of which improved on his original
design.
• In 1649, King Louis XIV (14) of France gave Pascal a royal
privilege (similar to a patent), which gave him the
exclusive right to design and manufacture calculating
machines in France. Nine Pascal calculators presently

exist most are on display in European museums. Pascalines

came in both decimal and non-decimal varieties, both of
which can be viewed in museums today. They were
designed for use by scientists, accountants and surveyors.
 4. Von Leibnitz:
• Von Leibnitz was a German scientist.
He occupies a prominent place in the
history of mathematics and the history
of philosophy, having developed
Differential and integral calculus
independently of Isaac Newton.
It was only in the 20th century that his
Law of Continuity and Transcendental
Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means
of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific
inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on
adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he
was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685.
 Stepped reckoner:
The stepped reckoner was a digital mechanical calculator. The
name comes from the translation of the German term for its
operating mechanism, “Staffelwalze”, meaning 'stepped drum'.
It was the first calculator that could

perform all four arithmetic operations. The machine is about 67

cm (26 inches) long, made of polished brass and steel, mounted
in an oak case. It consists of two attached parallel parts; an
accumulator section to the rear, which can hold 16 decimal
digits, and an 8 digit input section to the front.
• The result appears in the 16 windows on the rear
accumulator section. The input section is mounted on
rails and can be moved along the accumulator section
with a crank on the left end that turns a worm gear, to
change the alignment of operand digits with
accumulator digits. There is also a tens-carry indicator
and a control to set the machine to zero.
• The machine can:
1. add or subtract an 8-digit number to / from a 16-digit
number.
2. multiply two 8-digit numbers to get a 16-digit result.
3. divide a 16-digit number by an 8-digit divisor.
4. Addition or subtraction is performed in a single step,
with a turn of the crank. Multiplication and division
are performed digit by digit on the multiplier or
divisor digits.
 5. Charles Babbage:
• (Material submitted by: Nouman)
• Charles Babbage ("father of the computer") was a
mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer,
Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable
computer. Babbage is credited with inventing the first
mechanical computer that
eventually led to more complex
electronic designs, though all the
essential ideas of modern computers
are to be found in Babbage's
analytical engine.
 Analytical Engine:
• In 1822, Charles invented a
Difference Engine for a
mathematical calculations.
While in 1842, he developed
the Analytical Engine that was
automatic. This engine could
perform 60 additions per
minute. The analytical engine
was the first general
computational device, with the
ability to solve different types
of equations. The use of punch
cards to record a program was
inspired by the Jacquard loom.
• Being mechanical rather than electrical, the
analytical engine was intended to work by a
series of gears and levers. Charles Babbage
started designing his analytical engine in 1833.
The major innovation was that the Analytical
Engine was to be programmed using punched
cards. Punched cards were used to control a
mechanical calculator, which could use as input
the results of preceding computations. The
machine was also intended to employ several
features subsequently used in modern
computers, including sequential control,
branching and looping.
 6. John Vincent Atanasoff:
• John Vincent Atanasoff (1903 – 1995)
was an American physicist and
inventor, best known for being
credited with inventing the first
electronic digital computer. Atanasoff
was born on October 4, 1903 in
Hamilton, New York to an electrical
engineer and a school teacher.
Atanasoff's father (Ivan Atanasoff)
became an electrical engineer,
whereas his mother, Iva Lucena Purdy
was a teacher of mathematics. At the
age of nine he learned to use a slide
rule, followed shortly by the study of
logarithms
 Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC):

The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first

automatic electronic digital computer, an early
electronic digital computing device. The ABC was
designed for a specific purpose, the solution of
systems of simultaneous linear equations.
• It could handle systems with up to twenty-
nine equations, a difficult problem for the
time. The machine could be fed two linear
equations with up to twenty-nine (29)
variables and a constant term and eliminate
one of the variables. This process would be
repeated manually for each of the equations,
which would result in a system of equations
with one fewer variable. Then the whole
process would be repeated to eliminate
another variable.
 Generations of Computer:
• (Material submitted by: Muhib Ali)

• The development of electronic computers can be divided into

generations depending upon the technologies used. Different
generations of computer are as follows:
1. First Generation: (Vacuum Tubes)
2. Second Generation: (Transistor)
3. Third Generation: (Integrated Circuits)
4. Fourth Generation: (Microprocessors)
5. Fifth Generation: (Artificial Intelligence)
 1. First Generation: Vacuum Tubes
(1942-1955)
• The period of first generation was from 1942-1955. The
computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as
the basic components for memory and circuitry for
CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric
bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used
to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive
and only large organizations were able to afford it. In
this generation, mainly batch processing operating
system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and
magnetic tape was used as input and output devices.
The computers in this generation used machine code
as the programming language
• The main features of the first generation are:
1. Vacuum tube technology
2. Unreliable
3. Supported machine language only
4. Very costly
5. Generated a lot of heat
6. Slow input and output devices
7. Huge size
8. Need of AC
9. Non-portable
10.Consumed a lot of electricity
• Some computers of this
generation were:
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-650
 2. Second Generation: Transistor
(1955-1964)
• The period of second generation was from 1955-
1964. In this generation, transistors were used
that were cheaper, consumed less power, more
compact in size, more reliable and faster than the
first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
In this generation, magnetic cores were used as
the primary memory and magnetic tape and
magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In
this generation, assembly language and high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL
were used. The computers used batch processing
and multiprogramming operating system.
• The main features of second generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Generated less heat as compared to first generation
computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first
generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• AC required
• Supported machine and assembly languages
• Some computers of
this generation
were:
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108
 3. Third Generation: Integrated
Circuits (1964-1975)
• (Material submitted by: Uneeba Arif)
• The period of third generation was from 1964-1975. The
computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in
place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
• The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made
computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this
generation remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used.
• The main features of third generation are:
1. IC used
2. More reliable in comparison to previous two
generations
3. Smaller size
4. Generated less heat
5. Faster
6. Lesser maintenance
7. Costly
8. AC required
9. Consumed lesser electricity
10. Supported high-level language
• Some computers of this generation were:
1. IBM-360 series
2. Honeywell-6000 series
3. PDP (Personal Data Processor)
4. IBM-370/168
5. TDC-316
 4. Fourth Generation: Micro-
processors (1975- present)
• The period of fourth generation was from 1975- present.
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.

• Fourth generation computers became more powerful,

compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to
Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time
sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system
were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE
etc., were used in this generation.
• The main features of fourth generation are:
1. VLSI technology used
2. Very cheap
3. Portable and reliable
4. Use of PCs
5. Very small size
6. Pipeline processing
7. No AC required
8. Concept of internet was introduced
9. Great developments in the fields of
networks
10. Computers became easily available
• Some computers of this generation were:
1. DEC 10
2. STAR 1000
3. PDP 11
4. CRAY-1(Super Computer)
5. CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer
 5. Fifth Generation: Artificial
Intelligence (Present- Beyond)
• (Material submitted by: Nadeem Munawar)
• The period of fifth generation is Present- Beyond. In the fifth
generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components.
• This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and
AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in
computer science, which interprets the means and method of
making computers think like human beings. All the high-level
languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation.
• The main features of fifth generation are:
1. ULSI technology
2. Development of true artificial intelligence
3. Development of Natural language
processing
4. Advancement in Parallel Processing
5. Advancement in Superconductor
technology
6. More user-friendly interfaces with
multimedia features
7. Availability of very powerful and compact
computers at cheaper rates
• Some computer types of this generation
are:
1. Desktop
2. Laptop
3. NoteBook
4. UltraBook
5. ChromeBook
 Classification of computer:
• (Material submitted by: Hina Khan)
 Computers may be classified based on
the following:
1. Operating principles (based on their
construction and working)
2. Applications
3. Size and capability
4. Number of users
 1. Classification based on Operating
Principles:
• Based on the operating principles,
computers can be classified into
one of the following types:
• A. Digital Computers:
• Operate essentially by counting. All
quantities are expressed as
discrete or numbers. Digital
computers are useful for
evaluating arithmetic expressions
and manipulations of data (such as
preparation of bills, ledgers,
solution of simultaneous equations
etc)
• B. Analog Computers:
• An analog computer is a form of
computer that uses the continuously
changeable aspects of physical
phenomena such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to
model the problem being solved. In
contrast, digital computers represent
varying quantities symbolically, as their
numerical values change.
• C. Hybrid Computers:
• Hybrid computers are computers that
exhibit features of analog computers and
digital computers. The digital component
normally serves as the controller and
provides logical operations, while the
analog component normally serves as a
solver of differential equations.
 2. Classification based on area of
applications:
• Modern computers depending upon
their applications are classified as: -
• a) Special Purpose Computers:A
special purpose computer is designed
only to meet the requirements of a
particular task or application. The
instructions needed to perform a
particular task are permanently stored
into the internal memory, so that it
can perform the given task on a single
command. It therefore doesn’t posses
unnecessary options and is less
expensive
• b) General Purpose
Computers:
• A General Purpose computers
are designed to meet the needs
of many different applications.
In these computers, the
instructions needed to perform
a particular task are wired
permanently into the internal
memory. When one job is over,
instructions for another job can
be loaded into the internal
memory for processing. This, a
general purpose machine can
be used to prepare pay-bills,
manage inventories, print sales
report and so on.
 3. Classification digital Computer
based on size and Capability:
• (Material submitted by: Ayesha Munir)
• Based on size and capability, computers are broadly classified into:
A. Microcomputers (Personal Computer)
• A microcomputer is the smallest general purpose processing system. The
older pc started 8 bit processor with speed of 3.7MB and current pc 64 bit
processor with speed of 4.66 GB. Examples: IBM PCs, APPLE computers.
• Microcomputer can be classified into 2 types :
1. Desktops
2. Portables
• The difference is portables can be used while travelling whereas desktops
computers cannot be carried around.
• The different portable computers are:
1) Laptop
2) Notebooks
3) Palmtop (hand held)
4) Wearable computers
• Laptop: this computer is
similar to a desktop
computers but the size is
smaller. They are
expensive than desktop.
The weight of laptop is
around 3 to 5 kg.
• Notebook: These
computers are as powerful
as desktop but size of
these computers are
comparatively smaller than
laptop and desktop. They
weigh 2 to 3 kg. They are
more costly than laptop
• Palmtop (Hand held):
• They are also called as personal Digital
Assistant (PDA). These computers are
small in size. They can be held in hands.
It is capable of doing word processing,
spreadsheets and hand writing
recognition, game playing, faxing and
paging. These computers are not as
powerful as desktop computers.
Example; 3com palmV.

• Wearable computer:
• The size of this computer is very small
so that it can be worn on the body. It
has smaller processing power. It is used
in the field of medicine. For example
pace maker to correct the heart beats.
Insulin meter to find the levels of insulin
in the blood.
• B) Workstations:
• It is used in large, high-resolution
graphics screen built in network
support, Engineering
applications(CAD/CAM), software
development desktop publishing
• Ex: Unix and windows NT.
• C) Minicomputer: A minicomputer
is a medium-sized computer. That is
more powerful than a
microcomputer. These computers
are usually designed to serve
multiple users simultaneously
(Parallel Processing). They are more
expensive than microcomputers.
Examples: Digital Alpha, Sun Ultra.
• D) Mainframe computers:
• Computers with large storage
capacities and very high speed
of processing (compared to
mini- or microcomputers) are
known as mainframe
computers. They support a
large number of terminals for
simultaneous use by a number
of users like ATM transactions.
They are also used as central
host computers in distributed
data processing system.
Examples: IBM 370, S/390.
• E) Supercomputer:
• Supercomputers have
extremely large storage
capacity and computing
speeds which are many times
faster than other computers.
A supercomputer is measured
in terms of tens of millions
Instructions per second
(mips), an operation is made
up of numerous instructions.
The supercomputer is mainly
used for large scale numerical
problems in scientific and
engineering disciplines such
as Weather analysis.
Examples: IBM Deep Blue.
 4. Classification based on number of
users:
• Based on number of
users, computers are
classified into:
• A. Single User:
• Only one user can use
the resource at any
time.

• B. Multi User:
• A single computer
shared by a number of
users at any time.
• C. Network:
• A number of
interconnected
autonomous computers
shared by a number of
users at any time.
Thank You For
Listening..!!
 Any
Questions..??