Inhalation and Exhalation

• Respiration is the process which delivers oxygen to the

body’s cells and removes carbon dioxide which has
been form during cellular respiration.
• Inhalation is the process of breathing in air. Inhaled air
contain more oxygen.
• Exhalation is the process of breathing out air. The
exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide compared to
inhaled air.
• The oxygen diffuses into the red blood cells and combines with haemoglobin
to form oxyhaemoglobin.
• Carbon dioxide produced by the respiring cells is transported to the alveolus
in 3 ways:
 By dissolving in the blood plasma.
 By combining with haemoglobin to form carbamino haemoglobin.
 By dissolving in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells and transported
in the form of bicarbonate ions.
• Carbohydrates are an important source of energy in the human
diet.
• Carbohydrates are composed of long chains of glucose
molecules.
• Glucose is the main substance required in cellular respiration for
producing energy. A glucose molecule is “energy-rich”.
• In humans and animals, glucose is obtained from the digestion of
carbohydrates.
Aerobic Respiration
• Most of the energy released from cellular respiration is used to
synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate.
• The energy is stored in this phosphate bond making them high in
energy.
• The whole function of ATP is an “energy storage molecule” where
energy is retained until it comes necessary to release this energy to
perform some function within the cells.
• ATP act as a source of energy for most metabolic processes such as
muscle contraction, cell division, growth, transmission of nerve
impulses and other cellular processes.
• ATP consists of phosphate bond which can be easily
broken down to release energy.
• The stored energy in ATP can be released by
converting ATP to ADP.
• When energy is required by the body, ATP is broken
down.
• As energy is released when
needed, ATP converts back to
ADP and phosphate.
• ATP and ADP are constantly
being recycled.
• Energy from cellular respiration
is used to synthesize ATP from
ADP and phosphate.