GELOMBANG GEMPA

pendahuluan
 Gempa bumi merupakan goncangan pada tanah yang disebabkan
oleh gerakan acak batuan di sepanjang daerah keruntuhan di muka
bumi yang dinamakan dengan fault.
 Proses gempa bumi dapat dibandingkan dengan lenturan sebuah
batang/tongkat hingga mengalami patah. Tegangan yang
terakumulasi selama lenturan secara tiba-tiba dilepaskan saat
tongkat/batang tersebut hancur. Getaran-getaran dihasilkan saat
tongkat/batang melentur kembali ke keadaan sebelum melentur.
 Di bumi, gelombang-gelombang gempa disebabkan oleh lepasnya
tegangan-tegangan pada baguan secara tiba-tiba pada sisi lain
daerah kegagalan. Kehancuran pada daerah kegagalan bisa jadi
melepaskan seluruh atau sebagian tegangannya. Setiap tegangan
sisa seringkali dilepaskan oleh penyeimbang minor di sepanjang
daerah kegagalan sehingga menyebabkan gempa-gempa kecil
yang dinamakan dengan aftershock.
 Gelombang Gempa
(seismic waves)

Gelombang
Gelombang Badan
Permukaan
(body wave)
(surface wave)

Gelombang Primer Gelombang Sekunder Gelombang Love Gelombang Rayleigh

(primary wave – (secondary wave – (Love wave – (Rayleigh wave –
P wave) S wave) L wave) R wave)
 Wave Type Particle Motion
(and names)
P, Alternating compressions
Compressional (“pushes”) and dilations
, Primary, (“pulls”) which are directed
Longitudinal in the same direction as
the wave is propagating
(along the ray path); and
therefore, perpendicular to
the wavefront.
S, Alternating transverse
Shear, motions (perpendicular to
Secondary, the direction of
Transverse propagation, and the ray
path); commonly
approximately polarized
such that particle motion is
in vertical or horizontal
planes.
Typical Velocity Other Characteristics
VP ~ 5 – 7 km/s in P motion travels fastest in
typical Earth’s crust; materials, so the P-wave is the
>~ 8 km/s in Earth’s first-arriving energy on a
mantle and core; ~1.5 seismogram. Generally smaller
km/s in water; ~0.3 and higher frequency than the S
km/s in air. and Surface-waves. P waves in
a liquid or gas are pressure
waves, including sound waves.
VS ~ 3 – 4 km/s in S-waves do not travel through
typical Earth’s crust; fluids, so do not exist in Earth’s
>~ 4.5 km/s in outer core (inferred to be
Earth’s mantle; primarily liquid iron) or in air or
~ 2.5-3.0 km/s in water or molten rock
(solid) inner core. (magma). S waves travel slower
than P waves in a solid and,
therefore, arrive after the P
wave.
 Wave Type Particle Motion
(and names)
L, Transverse horizontal
Love, Surface motion, perpendicular to
waves, Long the direction of
waves propagation and generally
parallel to the Earth’s
surface.
R, Motion is both in the
Rayleigh, Surface direction of propagation
waves, Long and perpendicular (in a
waves, Ground roll vertical plane),
and “phased” so that the
motion is generally
elliptical – either prograde
or retrograde.
Typical Velocity Other Characteristics
VL ~ 2.0 - 4.4 km/s in Love waves exist because of
the Earth depending the Earth’s surface. They are
on frequency of the largest at the surface and
propagating wave, decrease in amplitude with
and therefore the depth. Love waves are
depth of penetration of dispersive, that is, the wave
the waves. In general, velocity is dependent on
the Love waves travel frequency, generally with low
slightly faster than the frequencies propagating at
Rayleigh waves. higher velocity. Depth of
penetration of the Love waves is
also dependent on frequency,
with lower frequencies
penetrating to greater depth.
VR ~ 2.0 - 4.2 km/s in Rayleigh waves are also
the Earth depending dispersive and the amplitudes
on frequency of the generally decrease with depth in
propagating wave, the Earth. Appearance and
and therefore the particle motion are similar to
depth of penetration of water waves. Depth of
the waves. penetration of the Rayleigh
waves is also dependent on
frequency, with lower
frequencies penetrating to
greater depth.
P wave
S wave
L Wave
R Wave
 Ada 2 macam Gelombang Utama :

Gambar. Gelombang Utama

 Gelombang Primer P.  menjalar secara
longitudinal. Kec gel ini antara 1,4 sampai
6,4 km/detik
 Gelombang Sekunder S.  menjalar
secara transversal. Kec sekitar 2/3 kali kec
gel Primer. Lebih membahayakan
bangunan karena disertai perputaran.
Perbedaan kec dari kedua gelombang tsb
 dari rekaman gempa dpt diperkirakan
jarak sumber gempanya, berdasarkan
selisih waktu tiba antara kedua gelombang
tsb pada alat rekam gempa.  min 3 atau
lebih stasiun pencatat gempa yg mencatat
waktu tiba kedua gel P dan S maka dpt
diperkirakan lokasi sumber gempa.
 Gambar. Perkiraan jarak sumber gempa

Selain 2 gel di atas ada 2 gel lain yg hanya menjalar di

permukaan tanah saja, yaitu gel. Rayleigh dan gel. Love. Kec.
Gel. Ini sangat lambat dibandingkan gel. P dan S.
Gambar. Lokasi sumber gempa

Jarak Epicenter Gempa