CHAPTER 11

EQUATIONS OF CHANGE FOR

NON ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
THE ENERGY EQUATION:
 Obtained by applying the law of conservation of energy to a
small element of volume ∆x ∆y ∆z
 Rate of increase in kinetic and internal energies within
volume element ∆x ∆y ∆z is

 Energy leaving and entering across faces of volume

element ∆x ∆y ∆z

 Rate at which work is done on the fluid by external force

is dot product of fluid velocity and force acting on fluid
 Put all these values in energy balance equation and
divide by ∆x ∆y ∆z and applying limits, we get

 If written in vector notation form

 Insert the expressions for e vector
SPECIAL FORMS OF THE ENERGY
EQUATION
 Most useful form of energy equation is one in which
temperature appears.
 Subtract mechanical energy equation from energy equation.
This leads to following equation of change for internal energy.
 Equation of change can be written in more compact form
by writing it in form of substantial derivative

 Switch from internal energy to enthalpy U=H-PV

 Change in enthalpy of fluid moving with fluid velocity

 Equating the two enthalpy equations we get,

 This is equation of change for temperature.

RESTRICTED VERSIONS OF EQUATION
OF CHANGE
 For an ideal gas,

by introducing Cp=Cv+R

 For a fluid flowing in a constant pressure system

and
 For a fluid with constant density

 For a stationary fluid, v is zero.

EQUATION OF MOTION FOR FREE
AND FORCED CONVECTION

 In forced convection, is neglected.

 In free convection, is small.
USE OF EQUATIONS OF
CHANGE
USE OF EQUATION OF CHANGE:
 Assumption of constant physical properties. If it can be
assumed that all physical properties are constant, then the
equations become considerably simpler, and in some cases
analytical solutions can be found.
 Assumption of zero fluxes. Setting τ and q equal to zero
may be useful for
1. adiabatic flow processes in systems designed to minimize
frictional effects (such as Venturi meters and turbines)
2. high-speed flows around streamlined objects. The solutions
obtained would be of no use for describing the situation
near fluid-solid boundaries.
EXAMPLE 11.4-1 :
STEADY STATE FORCED
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN
LAMINAR FLOW IN CIRCULAR TUBE
 How to set up the equations for fully developed laminar
flow in a tube?
 Assume constant physical properties

 Postulate a solution of the form

 Equation of change may be simplified to give

 Equation of motion gives the velocity distribution

profile. (as in example 3.6-1)

 This vz is placed in energy equation.

 To solve energy equation, we make two assumptions
1. In the z direction, heat conduction is much smaller than
heat convection, so that the term can be neglected,
2. The flow is not sufficiently fast that viscous heating is
significant, and hence the term can be omitted
 When these assumptions are applied, rest of the solution
is same as in 10.8. Final solution in the form of
dimensionless temperature will be
 EXAMPLE 11.4-2
TANGENTIAL FLOW IN AN
ANNULUS FLOW WITH VISCOUS
HEAT GENERATION
 Postulates:

 Equation of motion will become

and final velocity profile will be

 Energy equation will become after simplification

 By Substituting the velocity profile equation in energy

equation, we get

 This is differential equation for temperature distribution. This

may be written in form of dimensionless quantities
 N is closely related to brinkman number.
 Equation becomes

and solution will be of the form

 Determination of the constants leads to final solution

 When N = 0, we obtain the temperature distribution for a
motionless cylindrical shell of thickness R(1-k) with
inner and outer temperatures Tk and T1.

 If N is large enough, there will be in a maximum in

temperature distribution at

with the temperature at this point greater than either Tk or

T1.
EXAMPLE 11.4-3
STEADY FLOW IN A NON-
ISOTHERMAL FILM
 A liquid is flowing downward in steady laminar flow
along an inclined plane surface. The free liquid surface is
maintained at temperature To, and the solid surface at x
= δ is maintained at Tδ .
 At these temperatures the liquid viscosity has values μo
and μδ and , respectively.
 The liquid density and thermal conductivity may be
assumed constant.
 Find the velocity distribution in this non isothermal flow
system, neglecting end effects, viscous heating is
unimportant in this flow.
 Assume that the temperature dependence of viscosity
may be expressed by an equation of the form
A and B being empirical constants
 Postulates:

 Energy equation simplifies to

 This can be integrated to give

 The dependence of viscosity on temperature may be
written as

 Combine the temperature and viscosity equations

 For T= Tδ ,we get

 The velocity profile may be written as