SHELL ENERGY BALANCESAND

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN HEAT

CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS

Presented by:
Dr. Amit Rai
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, SLIET longowal
 To find the temperature profiles in turbulent flow, conditions are different.
Sometimes, we create turbulence in the system to enhance the heat transfer
rates. Mixing takes place in the fluid. In order to solve the heat transfer
TEMPERATURE problems, many empirical methods are available in the literature.
DISTRIBUTIONIN
TURBULENT The thermal problems can be understood in a similar pattern as that for the
FLOW flow problems in a system. Some of the concepts are: time-smoothed
temperature, thermal boundary-layer thickness, and Prandtl mixing length
models.
Time-smoothed equations for energy for incompressible fluids in turbulent flow
Time-smoothed quantities and turbulent fluctuations have been
discussed in previously for the flow conditions. A similar concept
holds good for the temperature profiles.
Let u
ത time-smoothed temperature
𝑇=
T’ = temperature fluctuation
temperature we can write as
𝑇 = 𝑇ത + 𝑇′ -----(1)
The instantaneous temperature and fluctuation in temperature for
turbulent flow are shown in Figure. The time-averaged
temperature is defined as

-----(2)
Time-smoothed equations for energy for incompressible fluids in turbulent flow
All the properties of the velocity fluctuation hold good for the temperature
fluctuation as well, for example

Will not be zero.

The energy Eq. can be written for a fluid with constant ρ,µ, cp, and k as follows:

Now for turbulent flow, let us substitute the terms 𝑇 = 𝑇ത + 𝑇′ and , vx = 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥′ and
so on. Then the time-smoothed equation becomes:
Time-smoothed equations for energy for incompressible fluids in turbulent flow
Time-smoothed equations for energy for incompressible fluids in turbulent flow
We can observe that the time-smoothed equation has the same original form of the
terms, except those indicated with dashed terms. The turbulent heat flux components can
be defined as follows:

To summarize, all the three equations of motion, continuity and energy can be written as
the same equations as discussed earlier but we have to change the vx and T terms by
𝑣𝑥 and 𝑇ത .
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
We discussed the boundary layer for a laminar flow over a flat plate. A similar
situation also arises for the heat transfer problems. Let us consider a flat plate
over which the fluid is entering at a uniform temperature T. The thermal
boundary layer δT is arbitrarily selected at some distance away from the surface
of the plate where the temperature reaches 99% of the main stream. OL is the
boundary layer as shown in Figure. The surface temperature of the plate is Ts.
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
We write the energy equation as

where cp = heat capacity in kJ/kg mol · K.

The following assumptions are made:
1. Steady-state conditions prevail, i.e. T/t = 0.
2. The fluid properties such as density, viscosity, specific heat and thermal
conductivity are constant.
3. No heat is conducted in the z-direction.
4. The heat conduction in the x-direction is negligible in comparison to the
heat conducted in the y-direction.
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
With the above assumptions, the energy equation becomes

The differential Eq. above can be solved with the help of boundary conditions.
Boundary condition 1: At y = 0, T = Ts . . .
Boundary condition 2: At y = inf , T = T . . .
Boundary condition 3: At x = 0, T = T . .
Let us see the similarity between the above energy equation and the equation of
motion earlier. These equations are

These equations were solved by using the following boundary conditions:

Boundary condition 1: At y = 0, vx = 0
Boundary condition 2: At y = 0, vy = 0
Boundary condition 3: At y = 0, vx = v
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
The similarity of Eq of motion and above equation is clear. Blasius assumed the
Prandtl number cp µ/k = 1. In such a case, the coefficients on the R.H.S. of both
the equations are the same.
Now let us see the boundary conditions when we introduce the dimensionless
temperature as (T –Ts)/(T∞ – Ts) and the dimensionless velocity as vx /v. The
boundary conditions become:

We conclude that these equations and boundary conditions are identical for
velocity profile and temperature profile for the Prandtl number being equal to 1.
Also for any x and y point, the dimensionless velocity vx /v and the dimensionless
temperature (T – Ts)/(T – Ts) are equal. Hence, the solution of the velocity profile
is applicable to the temperature profile solution, i.e. replacement of v by T is
feasible.
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
Therefore, the momentum transfer and heat transfer are analogous in the
boundary-layer thickness. It is concluded that the thermal boundary-layer
thickness δT being equal to the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness δ is
valid only for the Prandtl number being equal to 1.
The above heat transfer equations are nonlinear and hence the solution
becomes complex. Blausius discussed the solution in a similar way as done
for momentum transfer.
By combining two Equation given below, we get

The velocity gradient at the surface is given by

As discussed above
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
By combining both the equation, we get the temperature gradient at the
surface as

The convective heat transfer qy (J/s) can be written from the Fourier’s law as

Combining above, we get

Pohlhausen gave a relationship between the hydrodynamic boundary layer

and the thermal boundary layer for fluids. This is valid only for the Prandtl
number more than 0.6. Thus,
Boundary-layer thickness for heat transfer near the solid surface
Then, the local heat transfer coefficient becomes

Let us calculate the mean heat transfer coefficient between x = 0 and x = L for
the whole length of the plate, b = width of the plate, A = area = bL

Substituting the value of hx, we get

Integrating above equation, we get

PRANDTL MIXING LENGTH MODEL IN HEAT TRANSFER
Previously, we discussed the Prandtl mixing length model for the turbulent
flow conditions. Similarly, Prandtl proposed a model for heat transfer in the
turbulent flow conditions. In fluid transport, it is assumed that the eddies
formed in the turbulent flow conditions move a little distance L before they
lose their identity. And then they get absorbed in the bulk of the fluid.
In a similar way, energy is transported to a distance L with a velocity vy in the
y-direction. Prandtl also assumed that the fluctuation of temperature is due to
the “lump” of the fluid moving a short distance L in the y-direction. After
travelling this distance L, the lump of the fluid will have a deviation of
temperature from the mean temperature as shown in Figure. This situation is
exactly similar to the case of velocity.
Suppose
T = deviation of temperature from the mean
𝑇ത ȁ𝑦 = mean temperature
𝑇ത ȁ𝑦+𝐿 = instantaneous temperature.
We can write the fluctuation of temperature as:
PRANDTL MIXING LENGTH MODEL IN HEAT TRANSFER
Dividing both sides of Eq. by L and taking the limit L→ 0, where L is small

Let the rate of heat transferred per unit area be qy /A. Now,
= – (ρvy)cpT .

Previously, We assumed 𝑣𝑥′ = 𝑣𝑦′ Also,

Substituting the value of vy, we get

.
PRANDTL MIXING LENGTH MODEL IN HEAT TRANSFER
As per the earlier discussion in Section 4.3, we arrived at eddy diffusivity εt
as

When we consider heat transfer, it is called thermal eddy diffusivity αt. Then,
Eq. becomes

The Fourier’s law of heat conduction for the molecular heat transfer can be
written as

Combining both the equation , we get

one can be seen from the above that the energy problems are different for
turbulent flow conditions. Three models are applied in this chapter to
understand temperature distribution in turbulent flow: time-smoothed
equation of energy, boundary-layer thickness and Prandtl mixing length.
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT CONDUCTION IN A SEMI-INFINITE SLAB
Sometimes we have to handle more than one variable. Generally, one variable
is space and the other variable becomes time. Such a situation is called
unsteady state. A typical problem is solved in this section.
Let us consider a semi-infinite plate. Initially, its surface is at temperature T0
at time t = 0. Suddenly, the surface temperature is raised to T1. Let us consider
the x-y coordinate system as shown in Figure. We are interested to know the
temperature profile, T(y, t).
The following assumptions are made:
1. No heat flows by convection.
2. There is no external heat source.
3. The fluid properties such as µ, ρ, k, cp, etc. are constant.
4. Heat does not flow in the x-direction.
With the above assumptions, the energy equation can be used to solve this
problem.
UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT CONDUCTION IN A SEMI-INFINITE SLAB
Dividing both sides of equation ρ cp, we get
where α is the thermal diffusivity.

This differential equation can be solved with the help of the initial and
boundary conditions.
Initial condition: At t = 0, T = T0 for all y . . .
Boundary condition 1: At y = 0, T = T1 for t > 0 . . .
Boundary condition 2: At y = , T = T0 for t > 0 . . .
We now introduce the dimensionless temperature θ, defined as

The above differential equation becomes

UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT CONDUCTION IN A SEMI-INFINITE SLAB
The boundary and initial conditions become
Initial condition: At t= 0, θ = 0 for all y . .
Boundary condition 1: At y = 0, θ = 1 for t > 0 . . .
Boundary condition 2: At y = , θ = 0 for t > 0 . . .
Just as we solved the velocity profile, we also introduce the dimensionless
distance y here as:
The differential equation becomes:
The solution obtained is:

or θ = 1 – erf h