SHELL ENERGY BALANCESAND

TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN HEAT

CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS

Presented by:
Dr. Amit Rai
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, SLIET longowal
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE

High speed viscometers are used to find out the viscosity of highly viscous
fluids. In these viscometers, the inner cylinder is stationary, and the outer
cylinder is moving, and the viscous Newtonian fluid is filled in the gap of the
cylinders. Here, when the fluid is moving with a high speed, its adjacent
layers rub against each other. The mechanical energy is steadily converted
into heat (thermal) energy. Let the volume heat source from this “viscous
dissipation” be called SV.

Let us consider two cylinders in which the outer cylinder is of radius R and is
moving with an angular velocity ⍵. The inner cylinder is stationary. The
width of the gap between these cylinders is b. A highly viscous fluid is filled
between these cylinders. The system is shown in Figure (a). The surface of
inner and outer cylinders are maintained at T=T0 and T=Tb respectively. The
figure clearly shows that T will be the function of r alone.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE
In order to solve this complicated problem, it is simplified as shown
in Figure (b). Here, we ignore the curvature of the cylinders and
select the Cartesian coordinates. It is also assumed that the velocity
distribution is linear, i.e.
𝑣𝑧 𝑥
𝑣𝑏
=𝑏 ----(1);

Where, vb = ~R ; b = width of the gap between the cylinders.

The other assumptions made are:
1. Incompressible, Newtonian fluid between the cylinders.
2. The curvature of the cylinder is neglected.
3. The temperature of the fluid is a function of R only.
4. The gap b between the cylinders is small in comparison to the
length L and width W.
5. Thermal conductivity is constant.
6. Steady state conditions prevail.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE
With the above assumptions, we apply the heat balance at the shell of
thickness Δx, width W, length L at steady state. Here, we use the concept of
combined flux e.
𝑊𝐿𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥 − 𝑊𝐿𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 = 0 ------------------(2)

Dividing both sides of Eq. (2) by WLΔx and taking the limit x→0, we get
𝑑𝑒𝑥
=0 ------------------(3)
𝑑𝑥

𝑒𝑥 = C1 ------------------(4)

The combined flux ‘e’ has three components, i.e.

1. Convective energy flux
2. Rate of work done by molecular transfer mechanism
3. Rate of heat transfer by molecular mechanism
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE
1
𝑒= 𝜌𝑣 2 ෡ 𝑣 + 𝜏. 𝑣 + 𝑞 ----------------(5)
+ 𝜌𝐻
2
෡ is enthalpy per unit volume.
where 𝐻
The first term, convective energy flux, can be neglected since vx =
0, vy = 0.
The x-component of the second term can be written as
𝜏. 𝑣 = 𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑣𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑣𝑧 ----------------(6)
Since the velocities vx = 0, vy = 0 and hence applying the Newton’s
law of viscosity, we have
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 -----------(7)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏. 𝑣 = −𝜇𝑣𝑧 ------------(8)
𝑑𝑥
The third term ‘q’ can be written after applying the Fourier’s law of
heat conduction. The x-component of q can be written as
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 -----------(9)
𝑑𝑥
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE
Substituting these values of qx and x · v in Eq. (4)
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
−𝑘 − −𝜇𝑣𝑧 =C1----------------(10)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We have assumed the linear relationship of the velocity, i.e.
𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑏
𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑏 𝑏 OR = 𝑏 ---------------(11)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑧
Substituting the value of 𝑣𝑧 and in Eq. (10), we have
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑥 𝑣𝑏
−𝑘 𝑑𝑥 − −𝜇𝑣𝑏 𝑏 . =C1----------------(12)
𝑏

Integrating this equation, we obtain

𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝐶1
𝑇= −𝑘 𝑏 − 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ---------------(13)
2 𝑘

where C1 and C2 are constants. These constants can be evaluated by the

boundary conditions.
Boundary condition 1: At x = 0, T = T0 ---------------(14)
C2 = T0 . ---------------(15)
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE
Boundary condition 2: At x = b, T = Tb ---------------(16)
𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝐶1
𝑇𝑏 = − − 𝑏 + 𝑇0 ---------------(17)
𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑘
𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑘
𝐶1 = −𝑏 𝑏 − 𝑏 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 ---------------(18)

𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑘
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 = −𝑘 𝑏 + + 𝑏 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 ---------------(19)
2 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

After Simplification, we get

𝑇−𝑇0 𝜇 𝑣𝑏2 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇0
= 𝑘 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇0
.2𝑏
1 − 𝑏 + 𝑏 --------------------(20)
𝑇−𝑇0 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑁𝐵𝑟 . 2 1 − 𝑏 + 𝑏 --------------------(21)
𝑇𝑏 −𝑇0 𝑏

where NBr = Brinkman number

𝜇 𝑣𝑏2
𝑁𝐵𝑟 = --------------------(22)
𝑘 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇0
𝑥 1
The maximum temperature can easily be evaluated at 𝑏 = 2
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE
Now let us calculate the “viscous heat dissipation”, SV.
Rate at which the work is done by molecular momentum flux= τxz × area × velocity

We know from the above discussions that

𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝑏
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 and 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑏 and =
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
Rate at which the work is done by molecular momentum
flux =
𝑣𝑏
= −𝜇 ×W ×L × 𝑣𝑥
𝑏
Rate of viscous energy dissipation, SV
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑏 𝑊𝐿𝑣𝑎
= = −𝜇
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑏 𝑊𝐿𝑏
𝑣𝑏 2
𝑆𝑣 = −𝜇 -------(23)
𝑏
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
When a chemical reaction of the reactants takes place and the product is produced, the heat energy is either produced or
consumed depending upon whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
Thus,

The reaction generally takes place in a reactor. The reactors are of various types depending upon the flow conditions. Let us
consider a tabular reactor of radius R which extends from z = – to z = + as shown in Figure.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE

The reactants enter the reactor with a uniform velocity. The reactor is divided into three zones:

Zone I: Entrance zone, z = – to z = 0.

Zone II: Reaction zone, z = 0 to z = L.

Zone III: Exit zone, z = L to z = + .

Zone I is packed with inert spherical particles which are non-catalytic. Zone II is packed with catalyst particles where the
reaction takes place. Zone III is packed with inert spherical particles which are again non-catalytic. The reactor is insulated.

Here, the heat of reaction depends upon the operating conditions of the reactor such as pressure, temperature, composition
of the reactants and catalyst. The chemical energy is converted into heat energy. Let Sc be the chemical energy per unit
volume. It is a very complicated parameter to be evaluated. Let us formulate the simple form in which the chemical energy
is a function of temperature only.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE

where SC1 is a constant and i, the dimensionless temperature, is given by

where T1 is the reactant temperature at which it enters.

The following assumptions are made in the analysis of heat conduction with a chemical reaction heat source:
1. The fluid enters with uniform axial velocity in the “plug flow reactor”.
2. The reactor wall is insulated, i.e. the temperature is independent of the r-direction but is a function of the z-direction
only.
3. Steady-state conditions prevail.
4. Density, superficial velocity and mass flow rate of the fluid are independent of r- and z-directions.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE

The superficial velocity v0 is based upon the empty reactor, i.e.

Where: w = mass flow rate, kg/s

t = density of fluid, kg/m3.
Let us consider a disk of radius R at a distance of z and of thickness Δz. Using the concept of combined flux e, we can now
apply heat balance in Zone II.

Dividing both sides of Eq. by rR2z and taking the limit z→ 0, we get

This combined flux e has three components:

1. Convective energy flux.
2. Rate of work done by molecular momentum transfer.
3. Rate of heat flux due to conduction.
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
1
𝑒= 𝜌𝑣 2 ෡ 𝑣 + 𝜏. 𝑣 + 𝑞
+ 𝜌𝐻
2

The first term can be re-written by neglecting the pressure term which is constant in the z-direction:
1
𝜌𝑣 2 ෡ 𝑣 = 1 𝜌 𝑣𝑧2 𝑣𝑧 + 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝑣𝑧
+ 𝜌𝐻
2 2

where cp = specific heat, in kJ/kg · K.

The second term for z-component:
𝜏. 𝑣 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑣𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝑣𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑧
Here vx = 0, vy = 0, and applying the Newton’s law of viscosity, we have

where vz = constant.

and 𝜏. 𝑣 =0
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
The third term is of the z-component and applying the Fourier’s law of heat conduction, we obtain

Here, we consider thermal conductivity keff (effective), since the heat is being transferred from the catalyst particle to the
other particles, liquid to liquid, liquid to solid catalyst particle, so we assume the thermal conductivity in all the three zones
to be constant.

Substituting these various values, we get

HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
Here vz is constant and we have assumed vz = v0, so we get

Similar equations hold good for all the three zones, except that the Sc term will not appear in Zones I and Zones III.

These differential equations can be solved by using boundary conditions.

Boundary condition 1: At z = -, TI = T1 (temperature at the interface) .
Boundary condition 2: At z = 0, TI = TII (temperature at the interface) .
Boundary condition 3:
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
Boundary condition 4: At z = L, TII = TIII

Boundary condition 5:

Boundary condition 6:

The equations for all the three zones can be solved with the help of these boundary conditions. But let us take a practical
case of interest to engineers of limiting solution. In this case, the convective heat transfer is more significant than the
conductive heat transfer. So the conductive heat transfer terms can be neglected.
Let us introduce the dimensionless terms:

where N is the dimensionless thermal heat source and SC1 is a constant.

HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
With the introduction of the above dimensionless terms, we can transfer the differential Eqs. and neglecting the conductive
heat transfer terms, we get

The above equations are the first-order differential equations which are solved with the separable variable methods.
The boundary conditions become:
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A CHEMICAL REACTIONHEAT SOURCE
Now, With these boundary conditions, a limiting solution for the case will be discussed:
Let F(i)=I
The solution are :

Now, let us plot these dimensionless temperature vs. dimensionless distance as shown in Figure