Thermal Conductivity and Energy Transport:

• Heat conduction in fluids ~ molecular energy transport, as

the basic mechanism is the motion of the constituent
molecules.
• Energy can also be transported by the bulk motion of a fluid,
and this is referred to as convective energy transport; this
form of transport depends on the density 𝜌 of the fluid.
• Another mechanism is that of diffusive energy transport,
which occurs in mixtures that are interdiffusing.
• In addition, energy can be transmitted by means of radiative
energy transport, which is distinct from others in that this
form of transport does not require a material medium as
required by conduction and convection.
• We deal with energy transport by conduction and
convection.
10-11-2022 1
FOURIER'S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION (MOLECULAR ENERGY
TRANSPORT)
Consider a slab of solid material of
area A located between two large
parallel plates a distance Y apart.
T0 (for time t < 0)
At t = 0 the lower plate is suddenly
brought to a slightly higher
temperature TI and maintained at that
temperature.
As time proceeds, the temperature
profile in the slab changes, and
ultimately a linear steady-state
temperature distribution is attained.
One-dimensional form of Fourier's law of heat conduction.
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑦
If the temperature varies in all three directions, then we can
write an the above equation for each of the coordinate
directions:
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 ; 𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘 ; 𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
If each of these equations is multiplied by the appropriate
unit vector and the equations are then added, we get
𝑞 = −𝑘∆𝑇

10-11-2022 3
 𝑞 = −𝑘∆𝑇
which is the three-dimensional form of Fourier's law. This
equation describes the molecular transport of heat in isotropic
media. "isotropic" means that the material has no preferred
direction, so that heat is conducted with the same thermal
conductivity k in all directions.
Some solids, such as single noncubic crystals, fibrous
materials, and laminates, are anisotropic, For such
substances,
𝑞 = − 𝜅. ∆𝑇
Thus, the heat flux vector does not point in the same direction
as the temperature gradient.

10-11-2022 4
 CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF ENERGY
Energy may also be transported by the bulk motion of the
fluid.

Three mutually perpendicular surface elements of area

𝑑𝑆 across which energy is being transported by convection by
the fluid moving with the velocity v.
In Fig. we show three mutually perpendicular elements of
area 𝑑𝑆 at the point 𝑃, where the fluid velocity is v.

10-11-2022 5
The volume rate of flow across the surface element 𝑑𝑆 perpendicular to the x-axis is
𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑆.
The rate at which energy is being swept across the same surface element 𝑑𝑆 is then,
1 2
𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ෡ 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑆
2
1 1
෡ is
In which, 𝜌𝑣 2 = 𝜌 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2 is the kinetic energy per unit volume, and 𝜌𝑈
2 2
the internal energy per unit volume.

• Similarly, we can write similar expressions for the rate at which energy is being
swept through the surface elements perpendicular to the y- and z-axes.
1 2
𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ෡ 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑆
2
1 2
𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ෡ 𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑆
2

10-11-2022 6
 now multiply each of the three expressions by the corresponding unit vector and
add, we then get, after division by 𝑑𝑆,
1 2 1 2 1 2
𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ෡ 𝛿𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ෡ 𝛿𝑦 𝑣𝑦 + ෡ 𝛿𝑧 𝑣𝑧
𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈
2 2 2
1 2
= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 ෡ 𝑣
2
and this quantity is called the convective energy flux vector.

To get the convective energy flux across a unit surface whose normal unit vector is n,
we for the dot product 1 2
෡ 𝑣
= 𝑛. 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈
2

10-11-2022 7
WORK ASSOCIATED WITH MOLECULAR MOTIONS:
• The law of conservation of energy for an open flow system is an
extension of the first law of classical thermodynamics (for a
closed system at rest).
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊(or) ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
• So, for flow systems we need to account for the heat added to the
system (by molecular motions and by bulk fluid motion) and also
for the work done on the system by the molecular motions.
When a force 𝐹 acts on a body and causes it to move through a
distance 𝑑𝑟, the work done is 𝑑𝑊 = (𝐹. 𝑑𝑟).
𝑑𝑊 𝐹.𝑑𝑟
Then the rate of doing work is = = 𝐹. v
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
i.e. the dot product of the force times the velocity.
• Now let us apply this formula to the three perpendicular planes at
a point P in space shown in figure.

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• Three mutually perpendicular surface elements of area 𝑑𝑆 at
point 𝑃 along with the stress vectors 𝜋𝑥 , 𝜋𝑦 , 𝜋𝑧 acting on these
surfaces.
• Since the fluid is moving with a velocity v, the rate at which work
is done by the minus fluid on the plus fluid is (𝜋𝑥 .v) 𝑑𝑆
(𝜋𝑦 .v) 𝑑𝑆
10-11-2022 (𝜋𝑧 .v) 𝑑𝑆9
• In component form, these rate of work expressions, per unit area,
becomes as,

• When these scalar components are multiplied by the unit vectors

and added, we get the "rate of doing work vector per unit area,"
and it is called as the work flux:

Furthermore, the rate of doing work across a unit area of surface with orientation given
by the unit vector n is (n . [n - v]).

10-11-2022 10
WORK ASSOCIATED WITH MOLECULAR MOTIONS:

Now define, for later use, the combined energy flux vector e as
follows:

The e vector is the sum of

(a) the convective energy flux,
(b) the rate of doing work (per unit area) by molecular mechanisms,
and
(c) the rate of transporting heat (per unit area) by molecular
mechanisms.

10-11-2022 11
WORK ASSOCIATED WITH MOLECULAR MOTIONS:

10-11-2022 12
Shell Energy Balances and Temperature Distributions
in Solids and Laminar Flow:
Heat conduction problems are solved by an analogous
procedure:
i. an energy balance is made over a thin slab or shell
perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow, and this balance
leads to a first-order differential equation from which the heat
flux distribution is obtained;
ii. Then into this expression for the heat flux, Fourier's law of heat
conduction is substituted, which gives a first-order differential
equation for the temperature as a function of position.
iii. The integration constants are then determined by use of
boundary conditions for the temperature or heat flux at the
bounding surfaces.

10-11-2022 13
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
• For shell energy balances, a slab (or shell) is selected, the surfaces
of slab/shell are normal to the direction of heat conduction, and
• Then for this system, a statement of the law of conservation of
energy.
For steady-state (i.e., time-independent) systems, :

10-11-2022 14
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
• The common types of boundary conditions are:
1. The temperature may be specified at a surface (T=T0)
2. The heat flux at the surface may be specified (q=q0)
3. At solid-solid interface, heat flux and temperature are
continuous across the interface.
4. At solid-fluid interface, heat flux is given by Newton’s law of
cooling.
𝑞 = ℎ 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑏

𝑇0 - the solid surface temperature and

𝑇𝑏 - the "bulk" fluid temperature
ℎ - heat transfer coefficient
10-11-2022 15
SHELL ENERGY BALANCES; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
• The common types of boundary conditions are:
1. The temperature may be specified at a surface (T=T0)
2. The heat flux at the surface may be specified (q=q0)
3. At solid-solid interface, heat flux and temperature are
continuous across the interface.
4. At solid-fluid interface, heat flux is given by Newton’s law of
cooling.
𝑞 = ℎ 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑏

𝑇0 - the solid surface temperature and

𝑇𝑏 - the "bulk" fluid temperature
ℎ - heat transfer coefficient

10-11-2022 106
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH AN ELECTRICAL HEAT SOURCE:

• Consider an electric wire of circular cross section with radius R

and electrical conductivity 𝐾𝑒 , ohm-1 cm-1.
• Through this wire there is an electric current with current density
I amp/cm2.
• The transmission of an electric current is an irreversible process,
and some electrical energy is converted into heat (thermal
energy).
• The rate of heat production per unit volume is given by the
expression…
𝐼2
𝑆𝑒 =
𝐾𝑒
• The quantity 𝑆𝑒 , is the heat source resulting from electrical
dissipation.

10-11-2022 17
The surface of the wire is maintained at temperature 𝑇0 .
Now let us find the radial temperature distribution within the wire.

Fig 1: An electrically heated wire, showing the cylindrical shell

10-11-2022over which the energy balance is made. 18
For the energy balance we take the system to be a cylindrical shell
of thickness ∆𝑟 and length L (Fig. 1).
Since v = 0 in this system, the only contributions to the energy
balance are
rate of ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 across cylindrical surface at 𝑟
2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 - 2
rate of ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 across cylindrical surface at 𝑟 + ∆𝑟
2𝜋 𝑟 + ∆𝑟 𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟 -3

Rate of thermal energy production

by electrical dissipation = 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿 𝑆𝑒 -4

10-11-2022 19
now substitute these quantities into the energy balance equation.
2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿 𝑆𝑒 = 0 …(5)

−2𝜋𝐿 𝑟𝑞𝑟 ቚ − 𝑟𝑞𝑟 ฬ = − 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿 𝑆𝑒

𝑟+∆𝑟 𝑟
Now divide by 2𝜋∆𝑟𝐿
𝑟𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟 − 𝑟𝑞𝑟 ห𝑟
lim = 𝑟𝑆𝑒
∆𝑟→0 ∆𝑟

𝑑
𝑟𝑞𝑟 = 𝑟𝑆𝑒 …(6)
𝑑𝑟

𝑟 𝐶1
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆 + …(7)
2 𝑒 𝑟

10-11-2022 20
B.C:1, at 𝑟 = 0, 𝑞𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 …(8)
𝐶1 = 0
𝑟
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆 …(9)
2 𝑒

Now substitute Fourier's law of heat conduction

𝑑𝑇 𝑆𝑒 𝑟
−k = …(10)
𝑑𝑟 2

𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2
𝑇=− + 𝐶2 …(11)
4𝑘

10-11-2022 21
Now determine the Integration constant 𝐶2 using B.C
B.C:2, at 𝑟 = R, 𝑇 = 𝑇0 …(12)
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇0 = − + 𝐶2
4𝑘

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝐶2 = + 𝑇0
4𝑘
Now Substitute 𝐶2 in Eq.(11)
𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇=− + + 𝑇0
4𝑘 4𝑘
𝑆𝑒 𝑟 2 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇− 𝑇0 = − +
4𝑘 4𝑘

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 1− …(13)
4𝑘 𝑅

10-11-2022 22
 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 1− …(13)
4𝑘 𝑅
Eq.(13) gives the temperature rise as a parabolic function of the
distance r from the wire axis.
(i) Maximum temperature rise: (Maximum at the centre, Zero at the
surface)
𝑟 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇0 = …(13)
4𝑘

10-11-2022 23
(ii) Average temperature rise: (Maximum at the centre, Zero at the
surface)

Denominator:
𝑟2
𝑑𝜃 =
2

𝑅2
2𝜋
2
10-11-2022 24
 (ii) Average temperature rise: (Maximum at the centre, Zero at the surface)

Numerator:
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑟 2
1− rdrdθ =
4𝑘 𝑅

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅4
2𝜋 −
4𝑘 2 4𝑅2
𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅2
1− 2
4𝑘 2𝑅
𝑅2
2
10-11-2022 25
(ii) Average temperature rise: (Maximum at the centre, Zero at the
surface)

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅2
1− 2
4𝑘 2 2𝑅 𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
=
𝑅2 8𝑘
2

𝑆𝑒 𝑅2
𝑇𝑀𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇0
= 4𝑘 2 = 2
𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝑆𝑒 𝑅
8𝑘
10-11-2022 26
 (iii) Heat Outflow at the surface(for a length L of wire):

10-11-2022 27
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A NUCLEAR HEAT SOURCE:
Consider a spherical nuclear fuel element as shown in Fig. 1

Fig.1. A spherical nuclear fuel assembly, showing the temperature

distribution within the system.

10-11-2022 28
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A NUCLEAR HEAT SOURCE:
• It consists of a sphere of fissionable material with radius 𝑅(𝐹)
surrounded by a spherical shell of aluminum "cladding" with
outer radius 𝑅(𝐶) .
• Inside the fuel element, fission fragments are produced that have
very high kinetic energies.
• Collisions between these fragments and the atoms of the
fissionable material provides the major source of thermal energy
in the reactor.
• The thermal energy production per unit volume is given by

𝑟 2 𝐶𝑎𝑙
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛0 1 + 𝑏 (𝐹)
𝑅 𝐶𝑚3 .𝑠
𝑆𝑛0 = Thermal energy produced at the centre per unit volume
𝑏 = dimensionless positive constant

10-11-2022 29
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A NUCLEAR HEAT SOURCE:
• This source is not uniform throughout the sphere of fissionable
material; it will be the smallest at the center of the sphere. Hence,
Let us assume that the source is approximated by a simple
parabolic function…
• Now select the system as a spherical shell of thickness ∆𝑟 within
the sphere of fissionable material.
• Since the system is not in motion, the energy balance will consist
only of heat conduction terms and a source term.
The various contributions to the energy balance are:

10-11-2022 30
 (𝐹) (𝐹)
rate of ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 by conduction at 𝑟: 4𝜋𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 ቚ = 4𝜋𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 ቚ
𝑟 𝑟
… (2)

(𝐹)
rate of ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 by conduction at 𝑟 + ∆𝑟: 4𝜋 𝑟 + ∆𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 ቚ
𝑟+∆𝑟
(𝐹)
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 ቚ … (3)
𝑟+∆𝑟

Rate of thermal energy production

by nuclear fission : 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 … (4)

10-11-2022 31
The Thermal energy balance is

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 =0
𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(𝐹) (𝐹)
4𝜋𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 ฬ + 4𝜋𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 + 4𝜋𝑟 2 ∆𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
Now divide the above Eq. by 4𝜋∆𝑟 and take the limit as ∆𝑟 → 0

(𝐹) (𝐹)
𝑟 2 .𝑞𝑟 ቚ − 𝑟 2 .𝑞𝑟 ቤ
𝑟+∆𝑟
lim 𝑟
= 𝑆𝑛 𝑟 2 … (4)
∆𝑟→0 ∆𝑟

𝑑 (𝐹) 𝑟 2
𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 1 + 𝑏 𝑟2 … (5)
𝑑𝑟 𝑅 (𝐹)

10-11-2022 32
 (𝐶)
The differential equation for the heat flux 𝑞𝑟 in the cladding will be of the same form
except that there will be no heat source.

𝑑 (𝐶)
𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 =0 … (6)
𝑑𝑟
𝑑 (𝐹) 𝑟 2
2
𝑑𝑟
𝑟 . 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 1 + 𝑏 𝑅 (𝐹)
𝑟2 … (5)

Now integrate Eg.(5)

2 (𝐹) 𝑟3 𝑏 𝑟5 (𝐹)
𝑟 . 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 3 + 2 + 𝐶1
𝑅(𝐹) 5
(𝐹)
(𝐹) 𝑟 𝑏 𝑟3 𝐶1
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 3 + (𝐹) 2 5 + … (7)
𝑅 𝑟2

(𝐶) (𝐶)
𝑟 2 . 𝑞𝑟 = 0 + 𝐶1

10-11-2022 33
 (𝐶)
(𝐶) 𝐶1
𝑞𝑟 =0+ … (8)
𝑟2
(𝐹) (𝐶)
Now evaluate 𝐶1 and 𝐶1 by using boundary condition.

(𝐹)
B.C 1, at 𝑟 = 0, 𝑞𝑟 is a finite value (not infinite)
So from Eq.
(𝐹) (𝐹)
Since 𝑞𝑟 cannot be infinite, we get 𝐶1 =0 … (10)

(𝐹) 𝑟 𝑏 𝑟3
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 + (𝐹) 2 … (11)
3 𝑅 5

10-11-2022 34
 (𝐹) (𝐶)
B.C 2, at 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐹) , 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑞𝑟
(𝐶)
(𝐶) 𝐶1
𝑞𝑟 =0+
𝑟2
3 (𝐶)
𝑅(𝐹) 𝑏 𝑅 (𝐹) 𝐶1
𝑆𝑛0 + 2 = 2
3 𝑅(𝐹) 5 𝑅(𝐹)

(𝐶) (𝐹) 3 1 𝑏
𝐶1 = 𝑅 𝑆𝑛0 + … (12)
3 5

3
(𝐶) 1 𝑏 𝑅(𝐹)
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 + … (13)
3 5 𝑟2

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 (𝐹) 𝑟 𝑏 𝑟3
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 + (𝐹) 2 … (11)
3 𝑅 5

Now include Fourier's law of heat conduction

(𝐹) 𝑟3
(𝐹) 𝑑𝑇 𝑟 𝑏
−𝑘 = 𝑆𝑛0 + (𝐹) 2
𝑑𝑟 3 𝑅 5

Now integrate it to get 𝑇 (𝐹)

𝑆𝑛0 𝑟 2 𝑏 𝑟4 (𝐹)
𝑇 (𝐹) = − 𝐹 + 2 + 𝐶2 … (14)
𝑘 6 𝑅𝐹 20

10-11-2022 36
 3
(𝐶) 1 𝑏 𝑅(𝐹)
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛0 + … (13)
3 5 𝑟2

Now include Fourier's law of heat conduction

3
(𝐶) 𝑑𝑇 (𝐶) 1 𝑏 𝑅(𝐹)
−𝑘 = 𝑆𝑛0 +
𝑑𝑟 3 5 𝑟2

3
𝑆𝑛0 1 𝑏 𝑅(𝐹) (𝑐)
𝑇 (𝐶) = + (𝐶) + + 𝐶2 … (15)
𝑘 3 5 𝑟

B.C 3, at 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐹) , 𝑇 (𝐹) = 𝑇 (𝐶)

B.C 4, at 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐶) , 𝑇 (𝐶) = 𝑇0

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B.C 4, at 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐶) , 𝑇 (𝐶) = 𝑇0

(𝐹) 3
𝑆𝑛0 1 𝑏 𝑅 (𝑐)
𝑇0 = + (𝐶) + + 𝐶2
𝑘 3 5 𝑅(𝐶)

(𝐹) 3
(𝑐) 𝑆𝑛0 1 𝑏 𝑅
𝐶2 = 𝑇0 − +
𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑅(𝐶) 3 3
𝑆𝑛0 1 𝑏 𝑅 (𝐹) 𝑆𝑛0 1 𝑏 𝑅 (𝐹)
𝑇 (𝐶) = (𝐶) + + 𝑇0 − (𝐶) +
𝑘 3 5 𝑟 𝑘 3 5 𝑅(𝐶)

(𝐹) 3
𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 1 𝑏 1 1
𝑇 (𝐶) = + − (𝐶) + 𝑇0
𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅
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B.C 3, at 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐹) , 𝑇 (𝐹) = 𝑇 (𝐶)

(𝐹) 3 (𝐹) 2 (𝐹) 4

𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 1 𝑏 1 1 𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 𝑏 𝑅 (𝐹)
+ − + 𝑇0 = − 𝐹 + + 𝐶2
𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅(𝐶) 𝑘 6 𝑅 𝐹 2 20

(𝐹) 3 (𝐹) 2
(𝐹) 𝑆𝑛0𝑅 1 𝑏 1 1 𝑆𝑛0
𝑅 1 𝑏
𝐶2 = 𝑇0 + + − + +
𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅 (𝐶) 𝑘𝐹 6 20
So, from Eq.(14)

3 2
𝑆𝑛0 𝑟 2 𝑏 𝑟4 𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 (𝐹) 1 𝑏 1 1 𝑆𝑛0 𝑅(𝐹) 1 𝑏
𝑇 (𝐹) =− 𝐹 + + 𝑇0 + + − + +
𝑘 6 𝑅𝐹 2 20 𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅(𝐶) 𝑘𝐹 6 20

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B.C 3, at 𝑟 = 𝑅(𝐹) , 𝑇 (𝐹) = 𝑇 (𝐶)

(𝐹) 3 (𝐹) 2 (𝐹) 4

𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 1 𝑏 1 1 𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 𝑏 𝑅 (𝐹)
+ − + 𝑇0 = − 𝐹 + + 𝐶2
𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅(𝐶) 𝑘 6 𝑅 𝐹 2 20

(𝐹) 3 (𝐹) 2
(𝐹) 𝑆𝑛0𝑅 1 𝑏 1 1 𝑆𝑛0
𝑅 1 𝑏
𝐶2 = 𝑇0 + + − + +
𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅 (𝐶) 𝑘𝐹 6 20
So, from Eq.(14)

3 2
𝑆𝑛0 𝑟 2 𝑏 𝑟4 𝑆𝑛0 𝑅 (𝐹) 1 𝑏 1 1 𝑆𝑛0 𝑅(𝐹) 1 𝑏
𝑇 (𝐹) =− 𝐹 + + 𝑇0 + + − + +
𝑘 6 𝑅𝐹 2 20 𝑘 (𝐶) 3 5 𝑟 𝑅(𝐶) 𝑘𝐹 6 20

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10-11-2022 41
Heat conduction in a nuclear fuel rod assembly

10-11-2022 42
HEAT CONDUCTION WITH A VISCOUS HEAT SOURCE:
Let us consider the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid
between two coaxial cylinders as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Flow between cylinders

with viscous heat generation.
That part of the system enclosed
within the dotted lines is shown
in modified form

The surfaces of the inner and outer cylinders are maintained at

𝑇 = 𝑇0 and 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 , respectively.
It is expected that T will be a function of r alone.

10-11-2022 43
 Fig.2 Modification of a portion
of the flow system in Fig. 1, in
which the curvature of the
bounding surfaces is neglected.

• As the outer cylinder rotates, each cylindrical shell of fluid "rubs" against an
adjacent shell of fluid.

• This friction between adjacent layers of the fluid produces heat; that is, the
mechanical energy is degraded into thermal energy.

• The volume heat source resulting from this "viscous dissipation," which can be
designated by 𝑆𝑣 appears automatically in the shell balance while we use the
combined energy flux vector 𝑒.
10-11-2022 44
• If the slit width 𝑏 is small with respect to the radius 𝑅 of the outer
cylinder, then the problem is solved approximately by using the
somewhat simplified system depicted in Fig.2 (we ignore
curvature effects and solve the problem in Cartesian coordinates).
𝑥
The velocity distribution is then 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑏 , where 𝑣𝑏 = Ω𝑅
𝑏
• We now make an energy balance over a shell of thickness ∆𝑥,
width 𝑊, and length 𝐿.
• Since the fluid is in motion, we use the combined energy flux
vector 𝑒.

10-11-2022 45
𝐿𝑊 𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥 − 𝐿𝑊 𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 = 0 …(1)

-𝐿𝑊 (𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥 ) = 0 …(2)

Now divide Eq.(2) this equation by 𝐿𝑊∆𝑥 and apply limit ∆𝑥 → 0

(𝑒𝑥 ȁ𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑒𝑥

lim =0 …(3)
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

𝑑𝑒𝑥
=0 …(4)
𝑑𝑥
Now integrate Eq.(4)
𝑒𝑥 = 𝐶1 …(5)

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Since the velocity component in the 𝑥 direction is zero, the term
1
෡ v can be discarded…
𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑈
2

10-11-2022 47
 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘 𝜕𝑥 ; 𝑞𝑦 = −𝑘 𝜕𝑦; 𝑞𝑧 = −𝑘 𝜕𝑧

𝑑𝑇
According to Fourier's law, the 𝑥-component of 𝑞 is −𝑘 .
𝑑𝑥

The 𝑥-component of 𝜏. v is,

𝜏𝑥 . v = 𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑣𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑣𝑧 = 𝜏. v 𝑥
Since the only nonzero component of the velocity is 𝑣𝑧 , and since
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 according to Newton's law of viscosity,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑧
The x-component of 𝜏. v = −𝜇𝑣𝑧
𝑑𝑥

10-11-2022 48
 Now substituting the terms in Eq.(5), we get
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑣𝑧 = 𝐶1 …(6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
When the linear velocity profile 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑏 is inserted, we get
𝑏

𝑑𝑇 𝑥 𝑣𝑏 −0
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑣𝑏 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑏−0

𝑑𝑇 𝑣𝑏 2
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑥 = 𝐶1 …(7)
𝑑𝑥 𝑏

The volume rate of thermal production is given by

𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝑑𝑣𝑧 2 𝑣𝑏 2
𝑆𝑣 = −𝜏𝑥𝑧 =𝜇 =𝜇
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏

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 𝑣𝑏 2
In Eq.(7), 𝜇 is identified as the rate of viscous heat production
𝑏
per unit volume 𝑆𝑣 .
𝑑𝑇 𝑣𝑏 2
−𝑘 − 𝜇𝑥 = 𝐶1 …(7)
𝑑𝑥 𝑏
On rearranging, we get
𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝐶1
𝑑𝑇 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 …(8)
𝑘 𝑏 𝑘

Now on integrating Eq(7), we get

𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝐶1
𝑇= − − 𝑥 + 𝐶2 …(9)
𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑘

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The two integration constants 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are determined from
boundary conditions.
B.C.1: 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇0
B.C.2: 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏
Using B.C.1:
𝑇0 = 0 − 0 + 𝐶2
𝐶2 =𝑇0
Using B.C.2:

𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝐶1 .𝑏
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 = − −
𝑘 2 𝑘
𝐶1 . 𝑏 𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2
= 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑏 −
𝑘 𝑘 2

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 𝑘 𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2
𝐶1 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑏 −
𝑏 𝑘 2
Now substitute, 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 in Eq.(9),
𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2
𝑇= − − 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑏 − + 𝑇0 …(9)
𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑘 2

𝜇 𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥2𝑥 𝜇𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥
𝑇 − 𝑇0 = − + 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 +
𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑏 2𝑏𝑘
Now divide by (𝑇𝑏 −𝑇0 )

𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝜇𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝜇𝑣𝑏 2 𝑥
=− + +
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 2𝑘 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 𝑏 𝑏 2𝑏𝑘 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0

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 𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝑥 𝜇𝑣𝑏 2 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 2
= + −
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 𝑏 𝑘 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 2 𝑏 2 𝑏

𝜇𝑣𝑏 2
Brinkman Number, Br=
𝑘 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇0

𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
= + 𝐵𝑟 1−
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇0 𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑏

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 HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE WALLS

we show a composite wall made up of three materials of different thicknesses, X1-X0, X2-X1,
X3-X2, and different thermal conductivities k01k12and k23,. At X=X0, substance 01 is in contact
with a fluid with ambient temperature Ta, and at X= X3, substance 23 is in contact with a fluid
at temperature Tb. The heat transfer at the boundaries X= X0, X=X3, is given by Newton's "law
of cooling" with heat transfer
10-11-2022 54
First we set up the energy balance for the problem. Since we are dealing with heat
conduction in a solid, the terms containing velocity in the e vector can be discarded, and the
only relevant contribution is the q vector, describing heat conduction.

We first write the energy balance for a slab of volume WH Δx

Region 01 :

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