1.

State law of triangle of vectors addition

It states that if two vectors can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in the same order , then the
resultant is represented completely by the third side of the triangle taken
in the reverse order

2. State and explain Law of parallelogram for vector addition

“ It states that if two vectors acting at a point can be represented
both in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram drawn from that point, the resultant is represented
completely by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through that
point”.
Let and are two vectors and are inclined
at an angle θ represented by adjacent sides OP
and OQ of parallelogram OPSQ respectively.
Then its Resultant Vector is represented
both magnitude and direction by diagonal OS
such that = cos θ
3. State Principle of Homogeneity of Dimensions
According to this principle, dimensions of all the terms in a physical
expression must be same.
4. State Newtons Laws of motion
Newton’s I law of motion : “Everybody continues to be in its state of rest
or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless some external force act on it”.
Newton’s II Law of Motion : The rate of change of momentum of a body
is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction in which
the force acts.
Newton’s III law of motion: To every action, there is always an equal and
opposite reaction.
5. State the law of conservation of linear momentum.
The total momentum of an isolated system of interacting particles is conserved

1
5. State and Explain Keplar’s laws of planetary motion
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion :
(i) Law of orbits : All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun situated
at one of the foci of
the ellipse.
(ii). Law of areas : The line that joins
any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas
in equal intervals of time. planets appear
to move slower when they are farther
from the sun than when they are nearer.
(iii) Kepler’s law of periods : The square of the time period of revolution
of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of the ellipse
traced out by the planet. ie, T2 a3.
6. State and explain universal law of gravitation ?
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely propor-
tional to the square of the distance between them.
The magnitude of the force on a point mass m2 due to another point
mass m1 at a distance r is given by,

where G is the universal gravitational constant. The gravitational force is

attractive
7.State Hooke’s law.
Within elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to strain. Stress  Strain
Stress = k × Strain, where k is the proportionality constant known as modulus
of elasticity.
8.State Pascal’s law.
Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of fluid contained in a
vessel, it is transmitted undiminished and equally in all directions
9. State Archimedes’ principle
“ When a body is partially or completely immersed in a liquid, the buoyant
force acting on it is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid and it acts in
the upward direction at the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid.”

2
10. State and explain Bernoulli’s theorem.
“In a streamline motion, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy and
potential energy per unit volume remains constant at all points”.
Consider an ideal fluid (incompressible and non – viscous fluid) in streamline
flow in a pipe having varying cross sectional area. Let the ends of pipe be
at different heights as shown.

Let v1 be the velocity at end A and v2 be the velocity at end B. Let P1 be the
pressure at the end A acting on a plane surface of area A1. P2 be the pressure
at the end B acting on a plane surface of area A2. The difference in pressure
at the two ends result in the force which makes the fluid to flow from A to
B. During this flow of fluid, there will be change in its kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy.
1 2 1
P1  1  gh1  P2  22  gh2
2 2
1 2
In general, P    gh  cons tan t This is Bernoulli’s Equation.
2
11. State Principle of continuity
When an ideal liquid flows steadily through a pipe of varying cross section,
the product of area of cross section and speed of the liquid remains constant
at all points along the pipe.
A1v1 = A2v2 = constant ,where v1 is speed at area A1 & v2 is speed at area A2
which is called the equation of continuity and it is a statement of conserva-
tion of mass in flow of incompressible fluids.
3
12. State & Explain Stokes’ law ?
The viscous force is proportional to the velocity of the object and is opposite
to the direction of motion. The other quantities on which the force F depends
on viscosity of the fluid and radius a of the sphere.
viscous drag force F is given by F = av This is known as Stokes’ law
12. State and expalin Principle of calorimetery
When two bodies at different temperatures are mixed, heat will be transferred
from body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature till both
acquire same temperature. The body at higher temperature releases heat while
body at lower temperature absorbs it,
so that
Heat lost by the hot body = Heat gained by the cold body
i.e. principle of caloriemetry represents the law of conservation of heat energy

13. State Boyle’s law

The volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature
If V be the volume of a given mass of gas of pressure P, then V  or
PV = constant
14. State Charles’ law
The volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant pressure.
If V be the volume of a given mass of gas of pressure P,

then V  or = constant

15. State and explain law of thermal conductivity

Consider a uniform bar of area of cross section A. Let θ1 and θ2 be the
temperatures of the hot and cold faces of the bar respectively. If d is the
distance between the two faces of the bar, then according to law of thermal
conductivity, the conducted(Q) through the bar is
(i) Directly proportional to the area of cross section (A)
(ii) Directly proportional to time for which heat flows (t)
(iii) Directly proportional to temperature difference between faces (θ1 – θ2)
(iv) Inversely proportional to the length between the faces (d)
4
 K is constant of proportionality called coefficient of thermal
conductivity.
16. State Stefans’ law
The radiant energy emitted per second per unit area of a perfect block
body is directly to the fourth power of its absolute temperature .
ie, E = σ T4 , where σ is the stefan’s constant.
17.State Newtons law of cooling
According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat, – dQ/dt of
the body is directly proportional to the difference of temperature
dT = (T2–T1) of the body and the surroundings.
– dQ/dt = k (T2–T1)

18. Wiens displacement law

The wave length of radiation corresponding to the maximum intensity is
inversly proportional to the absolute temperature of the body.
m T = b contant.
19. State and explain Zero’th law of thermodynamics.
Statement: “two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system
separately are in thermal equilibrium with each other”.
Explanation : If A and B are two systems are equilibrium with system C
then TA = TC and TB = TC.
This implies that TA = TB i.e. the system A and B are also in thermal
equilibrium. Thus we arrived the concept of temperature formally via the
Zero’th Law.
20. State and explain First law of thermodynamics.
“When an amount of heat energy is supplied to the system, part of it
increases internal energy of the system and remaining is utilized by the
system to do work”.
Explanation: If Q is heat supplied to the system by the surrounding,
u is change in internal energy of the system and w is work done by
the system on the surrounding.
Then according to first law of thermodynamics Q = u + w
* It is the principle of the conservation of energy.
5
20. State and explain Second law of thermodynamics.
Kelvin-Planck statement: “No process is possible whose sole
result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and the complete
conversion of the heat into work”
Clausius statement: “No process is possible whose sole result is the
transfer of heat from a colder object to a hotter object”.
21. Law of transverse vibration of a streched string

According to this law

(i) The frequency of fundamental mode of vibration of streched string is

inversly proportional to length, when tension and mass per unit length is
kept constant.
1
n if T and m are constant
L
(ii) The frequency of fundamental mode of vibration of streched string is
directly proportional to square root of tension when length and mass per
unit length is kept constant.

n  T if L and m are constant

(iii) The frequency of fundamental mode of vibration of streched string

is inversly proportional to square root of mass per unit length when
length and tension is kept constant.
1
n if T and L are constant
m
22.State the law of equipartition of energy.
It states that for any system in thermal equilibrium, the total energy is
equally distributed among its various degrees of freedom and the energy
associated with each molecule per degree of freedom is = (1/2) KbT.
where Kb is Boltzmann’s constant.

6
1. Mention any two applications of dimensional analysis.
1) To check the correctness of a physical relation
2) to derive relationship between different physical quantities.

2. Mention any two limitations of dimensional analysis.

1) dimensionless constants in a relation cannot be determined by this method
2) it cannot derive the exact relationship between physical quantities in any
equation.

3. What is the significance of velocity - time graph?

Significance of velocity - time graph
(i) It represents the nature of motion of the particle.
(ii) Area under velocity - time graph in a given time interval represents the
distance traveled by the particle in that time interval.
4.Mention one application of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
(i) Venturimeter (ii) Bunsen burner (iii) Magnus effect
5.Mention any one application of Pascal’s law.
(i) Hydraulic lift
(ii) Hydraulic brake
6.Mention three application of capillarity.
(i) Water rises from roots to different branches of a tree
(ii) The oil in a lamp rises in the wick to its top
(iii) Ink is absorbed by the blotting paper
7. Mention any two advantages of friction
frictional force helps us to walk on the surface of earth
Frictional force helps us to hold any object with hands. It helps to apply
the brakes, vehicles to move without sliding etc.
8. Mention two method of reducing friction
(i) Friction can be reducing by polishing the surface.
(ii) Friction can be reducing by adding oils and lubrication .
(iii) Friction can be reducing by using ball bearings.

7
9. Give any two applications of artificial satellites
1. Used for transmission of TV programmes
2. For radio and telephone communications
10. Give two uses of polar satellites
1. Used for weather forcast, Radar, satellite photography etc.
2. Used for geographic survey like
1.Mention the two applications of elastic behavior of materials.
(i) Bridges are declared unsafe after long use.
(ii) To estimate the maximum height of a mountain.
(iii) Bending of a beam.
1. What is anomalous expansion of water
Generally matter expands on heating and contracts on cooling. In case of
water, it expands on heating if its temperature is greater than 4°C. In the range
0°C to 4°C, water contracts on heating and expands on cooling, i.e. g is
negative. This behaviour of water in the range from 0°C to 4°C is called
anomalous expansion.
2.What is a unit vector ?
A vector having unit magnitude or 1 is called unit vector
3.What is a zero vector or null vector ?
A vector having zero magnitude is called zero or null vector
4.State any two conditions under which a force does no work.
A force does no work when
[i] The Displacement is Zero.
[iii] The displacement is perpendicular to the direction of force.

5.What is weightlessness ?
For a freely falling or lying body R= 0. The satellite in the orbit
continuously falls towards earth. But the astronauts experience weightless-
ness because the gravitational force on them is zero.
6. What is Reynold’s number?
It is a dimensionless number value indicates whether the flow of a fluid through
a pipe/tube is streamline or turbulent.
8
1.Steel is more elastic than rubber. Why?
The Young’s modulus of steel is more than rubber. Hence, steel is more
elastic than rubber. OR
When a large deforming force is applied on both steel and rubber, steel
regains its original shape and size while rubber doesn’t. Hence, steel is
more elastic than rubber
2. Explain importance of anomalous expansion of water .
During winter when the water at the surface of a lake cools below 4°C
by cool air, it expands and becomes lighter than water below. Therefore
the water cooled below 4°C stays on the surface and freezes when the
temperature of surroundings falls below 0°C. Thus the lake freezes first
at the surface and water in contact with ice has temperature 0°C while at
the bottom of the lake 4°C [as density of water at 4°C is maximum] and
fish and other aquatic animals remain alive in this water
3. How does surface tension of a liquid vary with increase in temperature?
As the temperature increases, the surface tension decreases
4. How does Visocity vary with increase in temperature?
The viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature, inversely proportional to
square root of absolute temperature.
Viscosity of gases increases with increases in temperature, directly
proportional to square root of absolute temperature.
5. Why machine parts gets jammed during winter ?
During winter as temperature decreases , the cefficient of viscosity of the oil
and lubricant increases, due to this machine parts get jammed.
6. Why Soaps are used for washing cloth ?
The impurities like soap will decreases the surface tension of the liquids,
becouse of this water surface tension will be decreases, helps in washing.
7. What is Regelation ?
It is the phenomenon in which ice melts when pressure is increased and again
freezes when presssure is decreased. or lowering the melting point by decreasing
pressure.
9
1. Distinguish between distance and displacement.
Distance Displacement.
(i) The distance is the length of path (i)The displacement is the change
traversed. of position in a particular direction.
(ii) Distance is a scalar. (ii) displacement is a vector.
(iii) When a body returns to initial (iii) When a body return to initial
position, then distance is not zero position, displacement is zero.

2. Distinguish between Speed and Velocity

Speed Velocity
(i) The speed is the length of path (i)The velocity is the time rate of
traversed in unit time. change of position in a particular
(ii) speed is a scalar. direction.
(iii) The speed is always positive. (ii) velocity is a vector.
(iii) The velocity may positive , or
negative or zero.
3. Distinguish between scalar and vector
Scalar Vector
physical quantities which are having physical quantities which are having
only magnitude. both magnitude and direction.
Ex : mass, length, time. Ex : displacement, velocity.

4. Distinguish between Weight and mass of a body

Weight Mass
It is the gravitational force exerted on
a body of mass ‘m‘ by earth W=mg
Weight is a vector quantity
weight vary from place to place.
It is the quantity of mattter in a body
Mass is a scalar quantity
Mass is remain constant at all places

5. Distinguish between Latent heat of fusion ans vaporisation

The quantity of heat required to The quantity of heat required to con-
convert unit mass of solid com- vert unit mass of liquid completely
pletely into liquid at its meliting into vapour at its boiling point is
point is called latent heat of fusion. called latent heat of vaporisation.
10
 5. Distinguish between scalar product and vector product
Scalar product(dot product) Vector product(cross product)
The scalar product of two vectors is The vectro product of two vectors is
defined as the product of the magnitude of defined as the product of the magnitude of
the two vectors and the cosine of the the two vectors and the sine of the
angle between them angle between them, its direction is
. = perpenducular to the plane of two vectors.
x =
Result of a scalar product is a scalar
Result of a vector product is a vector
quantity
quantity
Example : work done
Example : Torque
6. When Scalar product / Vector product is maximum and minimum ?
The scalar or dot product of two The vector or cross product of two
vectors is maximum when they are vectors is maximum when they are
parallel to each other perpendicular to each other
When  = 0o . = When = 90o x =

The dot product of two vectors is The vector or cross product of two
minimum when they are perpendicular vectors is minimum when they are
to each other parallel to each other
When  = 90o . = 0 When = 0o x =0

7. Distinguish between static friction and kinetic friction

Static friction Kinetic friction
The force of friction which opposes the Frictional force that opposes the
applied force during the state of rest of relative motion between the surfaces
a body is called static friction in contact is called kinetic friction

The co-efficient of static friction is The co-efficient of kinetic friction is

defined as the ratio of applied force defined as the ratio of frictional force
to the normal force. s= Fs /N to the normal reaction. k= Fk /R

11
8. Give the differences between mechanical and a non mechanical
(electromagnetic) waves.
Mechanical waves Non-mechanical waves
1. The waves that requires material 1. The waves that do not require
medium for their propogation material medium for their propogation
(transmission) are called as are called as nonmechanical
mechanical waves. waves.
2. Eg. Waves on a surface of water, 2. Eg. Radio waves, light waves, x-
sound waves, seismic waves etc. rays etc.
9. Give the differences between longitudinal and transverse waves.
Longitudinal waves Transverse waves
The waves in which the particles of
The waves in which the particles of
the medium oscillates parallel the medium oscillate perpendicular to
(along) to the direction of wave the direction of wave propagation are
propagation are called longitudinal called Transverse waves.
waves. Eg. Light waves, waves on the
Eg. Sound waves, waves set up in surface of water, waves on a string.
air column.
10. Give the differences between progressive and stationary waves.
1. The waves (disturbance) pro- 1. The superposition of two identical
duced at any point in a medium is waves traveling in opposite direction
propogated by continuous periodic along the same line results in a station-
oscillation of the particles about ary waves.
their mean positions. 2.Stationary do not move in a
2.Progressive wave propogated medium.
with certain velocities in a medium. 3.In a stationary wave, there exist
3. No particles in a medium at rest. certain points called Nodes , where
particles at rest.
4. There is a transfer of energy and 4.There is no net transfer of energy
momentum from the source of across any segment of the stationary
vibration . wave.
5.Every particle along the wave 5. In a stationary wave, At a Node, the
vibrate with same frequency and amplitude of vibration is zero and at an
amplitude about their mean antinode, the amplitude of vibration is
position. maximum.

12
10. Distinguish between elastic collision and inelastic collision
Elastic collision Inelastic collision
i The collisions in which both the i The collisions in which only
momentum and K.E of the system momentum is conserved, but KE is
remains conserved are called elastic not conserved are called inelastic
collisions collisions
ii There is no loss of KE during elastic ii There is a loss of KE during
collisions inelastic collisions
iii The forces involved are conservative iii The forces involved are non-
in nature conservative in nature
iv Mechanical energy is not iv Whole Mechanical energy may be
transformed into any other form of transformed into other forms
energy
11. Distinguish between conservative and non conservative force.
Conservative force Non conservative force
If the work done by the force depends If the work done by the force
only on the initial and final potations depends on the path fallowed by
of the body . the body .
Path independent Path dependent
Ex: Gravitational force. Ex: frictional force
12. Distinguish between streamline and turbulent’ flow.
Streamline Turbulent’ flow.
The flow of a fluid is said to be ‘steady The flow of a fluid is said to be
or streamline ‘if it any given point the turbulent if different particles have
velocity of each fluid particle passing different velocities at a given point
through that point remains constant in of the fluid during their flow.
time. Velocity is greater than critical
Velocity is less than critical velocity velocity
Reynods number <2000 Reynods number >3000

13
 13. Distiuguish between isothermal process and adiabatic process
Isothermal process Adiabatic process
A thermodynamic process during
A thermodynamic process which
takes place at a constant temperature which no heat enters or leaves the
is called an isothermal system is known as an
adiabatic process.
process.
It is Sudden process.
It is slow process
Isothermal eqn is PV=constant Adiabatic eqn is PVconstant

14. Distinguish between ‘Geostationary’ and ‘polar’ satellites.

Geostationary satellites are the satellites in circular orbits around the earth in
the equatorial plane with the period T = 24hrs. its angular velocities magni-
tude abd direction is same as that of earth. its height is about 36,000 km
above the earths surface.
Polar satellites are low altitude (height about 500 to 800 km) satellites and
go around the poles of the earth in a north south direction with a time period
of around 100 minutes where as the earth rotates around its axis in an east
west direction
15. Distinguish between inertial and inertial frame of reference.
Inertial frame Non-inertial frame
A frame of reference in which Newton’s A frame of reference in which
law of inertia is valid is known as Newton’s law of inertia is not appli-
inertial frame of reference. cable.
i.e.an object at rest or in motion The rotating Earth is taken as an non-
remains in that state unless acted by inertial frame.
a net force . A train moving with
constant velocity is inertial.

16. What is reversible process? Give an example.

A process is reversible is one can retraced in the reverse direction and get
back initial state.
Eg. A quasi-static isothermal expansion of an ideal gas in a cylinder fitted
with a frictionless movable piston is reversible process.
17. What is irreversible process? Give an example.
A process which takes the system to the non equilibrium state is called
irreversible process. It can’t be retraced in the reverse direction.
Eg. The Free expansion of gas. The combustion reaction of mixture of petrol
and air, ignited by a spark.
14
1. Mention the fundamental forces in nature.
(i) Gravitational force
(ii) Weak nuclear force
(iii) Electromagnetic force
(iv) Strong nuclear force

2. Name the (i) strongest (ii) weakest fundamental force in nature

(i) Stronger nuclear force
(ii) Gravitational force
3.Mention the characteristics of a progressive mechanical wave.
1. The waves (disturbance) produced at any point in a medium is
propogated by continuous periodic oscillation of the particles about their
mean positions.
The elastic and inertial properties of the medium are responsible for wave
propogation.
There is a transfer of energy and momentum from the source of vibration
away from it in the form of disturbance.
4. The waves undergo reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction.
Longitudinal waves do not show polarization whereas the transverse
waves show polarization.
4. Mention the characteristics of a stationary wave.
1. Stationary wave remain localized between two fixed points. i.e., waves
do not move in a medium
2. In a stationary wave, there exist certain points called Nodes and antin-
odes. At a Node, the amplitude of vibration is zero and at an antinode, the
amplitude of vibration is maximum.
3. Nodes and antinode are equally spaced. The distance two consecutive
nodes (or) antinodes is equal to half the wavelength () [i.e.,]
4. The amplitude of vibration increases from zero to maximum between a
node and an neighbouring antinode.
5. Mention the characteristics of thermal radiation.
1.They travel in straight line. 2. they are electromagnetic waves
3. They travel with speed of light .

15
6. Write any three/Five postulates of kinetic theory of gasses.
1. The molecules are in a state of continuous random motion moving in all
directions with all possible velocities
At ordinary temperature and pressure, the size of the molecules is negligible
compared with the average distance between the molecules.
The molecules have velocities ranging from 0 to 7 ,so that average velocity
of random motion is zero.
4.The collision between the two molecules is perfectly elastic that is the
kinetic energy remains conserved in the collision .
There is no inter molecular force of attraction between the molecules of the
gas .
Between two successive collisions a molecule traverses straight line path
with constant speed called mean free path of the molecule.
7. What are significant figures?
the reliable digits plus the first uncertain digit are known as significant figures.
For example : number of significant figures in the following
a) 0.006 m2 is 1 (b) 2.65 x 103 kg is 3 (c) 0.2309 m-3 is 3
(d) 6.320 J is 4 (e) 0.006032 m2 is 4
8. Limitations of dimensional analysis.
1) dimensionless constants in a relation cannot be determined by this method
2) it cannot derive the exact relationship between physical quantities in any
equation.

1.What is Physics ?
Physics is a branch of natural science, Physics is the study of nature and
natural phenomena.
2. Who discovered electrons?
J J Thomson
3. Who discovered radium and polonium?
Marie Curie
4. Who won the Nobel prize in the field of inelastic scattering of light
by molecules?
C V Raman
5. Who discovered neutron?
Chadwick
6. Name the principle behind the uplift of aircraft (aeroplane)
Bernoulli’s principle
16
1. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum depends on its
length (l) , mass of the bob (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g) .
derive the expression for its time period using method of
dimensions.

the value of K was obtained by experiment , and it was K = 2

T=2

2.Check the correctness of an equation x = v0 t + ½at2 by dimensional

analysis

Simillarly Check the correctness of an equation 1/2mv2 = mgh by

dimensional analysis
For LHS , = [M1][L2T-2] = [M1L2T-2]
For RHS = [M1][L1T-2][L1] = [M1L2T-2] , LHS=RHS, thus eqn is dimensionally correct.

17
3. Derive the equation of motion x v 0 t at2from v - t graph.

Consider an object moving with an initial velocity v0 under constant acceleration

‘a’. After ‘t’ second, let v be its velocity and x the displacement. Let AB represent
the velocity - time graph of the object.
Here OA represents v0 , DB represents v and OD represents ‘t’.
The area under v - t graph represents the displacement.
x = area under AB
= area of the rectangle OACD + area of ABC.
= (OA x OD) + ½ (AC x BC)
= (v0 t ) + ½ (t x ( v -v0 ) ……… (1)
But v0 = v + at
v - v0 = at Substituting this in equation (1) we have
x v 0 t ½at2

4. Derive the equations of motion v = v 0 + at from v - t graph.

Consider an object moving with an initial velocity v0 under constant acceleration
‘a’. After ‘t’ second, ‘v’ be its velocity and ‘x’ the displacement.

Let AB represent the velocity - time graph.

Here OA represents v0, DB represents ‘v’
and OD represents ‘t’.
The slope of velocity - time graph represents
uniform acceleration ‘a’.
Acceleration = slope = BC / AC
a = v - v0 / t
 at = v - v0
v = v 0 + at

18
5. Derive the equations of motion v 2 = v 0 2+ 2ax from v - t graph.
Consider an object moving with an initial velocity v0 under constant acceleration
‘a’. After ‘t’ second, ‘v’ be its velocity and ‘x’ the displacement.

Let AB represent the velocity - time graph.

Here OA represents v0, DB represents ‘v’
and OD represents ‘t’.

The slope of velocity - time graph represents

uniform acceleration ‘a’.
Acceleration = slope = BC / AC
a = v - v0 / t
 at = v - v0 -------(1)

(ii) The object has traveled distance ‘x’ intime ‘t’ with average velocity given as

x= t = ---(2) Since =

from equation (1)

Substituting this in equation (2) we have

v2 - v02 = 2ax v2 = v02 + 2ax

6. Show that area under velocity - time graph is equal to displacement.

Area under the v - t graph is the area of the

rectangle of height V0and base T.
Therefore Area ,A = V0x T …………(1)
By definition, displacement during this time V0
interval x = V0x T…………… (2)
Equation equations (1) and (2),
Area under velocity - time graph is equal to
displacement, A= x
19
7. Derive the expression for trajectory of a projectile . OR show
the trajectory (path)of a projectile is a parabola.

Equation of trajectory : A projectile thrown with velocity v0 at an angle q

with the horizontal. The velocity v0 can be resolved into two rectangular
components. v0 cos  component along X–axis and v0 sin  component along
Y–axis.
For horizontal motion x = v0 cos  t  t = …. (i)
For vertical motion using eq x = v0 t + ½at2
y = v0 sin t – gt2 …. (ii)

From equation (i) and (ii) y = v0 sin  – g

y = x tan  –
This equation shows that the trajectory of projectile is parabolic because it is
similar to equation of parabola
y = ax – bx2
8. Derive the expression for maximum height , time of flight and
range of projectile.
Consider a projectile moving in a direction making an angle  with the
horizontal.
Let vo - velocity of the projectile. The velocity vo of the projectile
resolved into Vx = Vo cos along horizontal (x-axis) Vy = V0 sin
along vertical (y-axis)
20
 After the object has been projected ,the acceleration acting on it due to
gravity and is directed vertically upwards
Therefore, ax=0; ay= -g
At Maximum height (H) final velocity Vy=0 , Vy0 =V0 sin and ay= -g
substituting in eq v 2 = v 0 2+ 2ax
we get 0 = V0 2sin2 + 2 (-g) H
there fore maximum height H = V0 2sin2
2g
Time of flight :
Let tm is the time taken taken to the projectile to reach maximum
height.
Since at that point vy = 0 using equation v = v0 +at
we get 0 = V0 sin - gt m then t m = V0 sin g
if Tf time during which the projectile is in flight Tf = 2 tm
Time of flight Tf = 2 (v sin  ) / g
0

Horizontal range : It is the horizontal distance travelled by a body during

the time of flight. displacement along X axis is Horizontal range R
So by using second equation of motion
R = v0 cos  Tf = v0 cos x =

R=

21
9. State Newton’s second law of motion and hence derive F=ma
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to
the applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
Let us consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ under the
action of force ‘F’ changes to v+ v in a time ‘t’.

10. Prove the law of conservation of momentum.

Let us consider two bodies A & B with initial momentum p A & pB col-
lide, get apart with final momenta p A’ and pB’

A B AB A B

Thus the total momentum after collision is equal to the total momentum
before the collision.
22
11.Derive the expression for the centripetal acceleration
When body moving in a circular path at a constant speed, the motion of the
body is called uniform circular motion. Suppose an body is moving with
uniform speed v in a circle of radius r. Since the velocity of the object is
changing continuously in direction, the object undergoes acceleration.
The magnitude of acceleration a
is, by definition, given by :
Let the angle between position vectors r and r’
be . Since the velocity vectors v and v’ are
always perpendicular to the position vectors,
the angle between them is also .
From two similar triangles or v= v..

a= = .

since ω=
centripetal acceleration = v =
12. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
Statement : “ Angular momentum of a system (may be particle or body)
remains constant if resultant torque acting on it zero “.

As L  I so if   0 1
then I  constant or I  
Examples of law of conservation of angular momentum :
1) A circus acrobat performs feats involving
spin by bringing his arms and legs closer
to his body or vice-versa. On bringing the
arms and legs closer to body, his moment
of inertia I decreases. Hence w increases.

2)A diver performs somersaults by Jumping

from a high diving board keeping his legs and arms out stretched first and
then curling his body.

23
13. State and explain Perpendicular & parallel axis theorem
Perpendicular axis theorem This theorem
is applicable only to the plane laminar Z

bodies This theorem states that, the

moment of inertia of a plane laminar o X
about an axis perpendicular to its plane
is equal to the sum of the moment of
inertia of the lamina about two axis Y
mutually perpendicular to each other in its plane and intersecting each
other at the point where perpendicular axis passes through it.
The figure shows a planar body An axis perpendicular to the body through a
point O is taken as the Z axis. Two mutually perpendicular axis lying in the
plane of the body and concurrent with Z axis. i.e., passing through
O, are taken as the x and y axes.
The theorem states that Iz = Ix + IY.
Parallel axis theorem:
I IG
The moment of inertia of a body about any
axis isequal to the sum of the moment of
inertia of the body about a parallel axis a G
passing through its centre of mass and the
product of its mass and the square of the
distance between the two parallel axes.
If M is mass of the body and a is the distance between two parallel axis
then : Moment of inertia of a disc about an axis through its centre and
1
perpendicular to the plane is MR 2 , so moment of inertia about an axis
2
through its tangent and perpendicular to the plane will be
I  Ig  Ma 2
14.Two particles of equal mass are at a distances of X1 and X2 from the
origin of a co-ordinate system. Find the distance of their centre mass from
the origin.
Let ‘C’ be the centre of mass of the system
which is at a distance X from the
origin O.

Since the two particles have the same mass

m1 =m2=m
24
15. How does acceleration due to gravity vary below and above the earth
surface ?
An object of mass m is placed at height h above
the earth’s
Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth
GM .....(i)
g 2
R
Acceleration due to gravity at height h from the surface of the earth
GM .....(ii)
g'  2
2 ( R  h )
 R 
From (i) and (ii) g '  g   .....(iii)
R h
If h  R i.e., height is negligible in comparison to the radius then from
2 2
 R   h  2h 
equation (iii) we get g   g    g 1    g 1 
 R  h  R  R 
[As h  R ]

From this it can be concluded that value of g decreases as distance above

surface of earth increases now,
g
Variation in g below the earth surface d
P
R g
(Depth). r

Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of O

the earth
GM 4
g  2  GR
R 3 …..(i)
Acceleration due to gravity at depth d from the surface of the earth
4
g  G(R  d ) …..(ii)
3
From (i) and (ii) g   g 1  d 
 R 

The value of g decreases on going below the surface of the earth.

At the centre of earth d  R  g   0 , i.e., the acceleration due to gravity at

the centre of earth becomes zero.
25
16. State & explain Work- Energy Theorem
Statement: “ The total work done on a body is equal to change in its
kinetic energy.”
Prove work –energy theorem for a constant force.
Proof : Consider a body of mass m moving with the velocity v0 then its kinetic
energy is m , let the body be subjected to a constant force F so that its
velocity increases to V in travelling distance S . now the kinetic energy of the
body is m
Using the relation = +2ax

= +2 x From F=ma

m m
m m =W since Fs=W
Thus change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done.
17. State and explain Law of conservation of mechanical energy.
Statement : Total mechanical energy of a system is conserved if the
forces doing work on it are conservative

Illustrate the Law of conservation of mechanical energy in case of a

freely falling body
Consider a body of mass m dropped from a point A at a
height h above the ground.
At the point A ; The potential energy of the body = mgh
The kinetic energy of the body =0
Therefore total energy of the body at A =P E+ K E
=mgh+0 =mgh ———
At the point B As the body falls its potential energy decreases but its
kinetic energy increases, Let v be the velocity of the body at any point B
at distance x from A.
26
 At B the P E of the body =mg(h-x)
K E of the body = m
=m2gx = mgxTotal
energy of the body at B = P E +K E
= mg(h-x) +mgx
= mgh – mgx +mgx
=mgh—(2)

At the point C : when the body falls to the ground at C, h=0 Let
v be the velocity of the body when it reaches the ground then at C
P E =0
K E =m Using = +2ax
KE= = 0+2gh =2gh
=mgh
Therefore total energy= P E + K E= 0 +mgh = mgh———(3)

From (1) ,(2),& (3) it is found that the energy of the body remains a
constant at all the points in the path of the body.
18. Derive the relation between gravitational constant and acceleration
due to gravity
Consider a body of mass m is lying on the surface of earth then gravitational
force on the body is given by
GMm
F …..(i)
R2
Where M = mass of the earth and R = radius of the earth. If g is the
acceleration due to gravity, then the force on the body due to earth is given by
Force = mass ´ acceleration
or F = mg …..(ii)
From (i) and (ii) we have mg
 GMm GM
mg  2  g 2
R R
27
19. Discuss the Carnot cycle of operation and write the expression
for efficiency.
Carnot engine is works on the principle of Carnot cycle made up of four
stages are represented as shown in (PV) diagram.

A
B
1) Isothermal expansion (AB):
The gas is allowed to expand
isothermally. During the expansion C
gas absorb an amount of heat Q1 D
from the source at T1,
(2)Adiabatic expansion (BC): The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically
till the temperature of gas falls to T2, the temperature of the sink,
(3) Isothermal compression (CD): The gas is compressed slowly at
constant temperature T2. During this process a certain amount of heat Q2 is
rejected into the sink,
(4) Adiabatic compression (DA): The gas is further compressed adiabati-
cally till it returns to its initial state A.
The cycle of operations, AB, BC, CD and DA is called the Carnot cycle. It is
represented by the closed loop ABCDA.

The expression for efficiency of carnot engine is

20. Write Newton’s formula for speed of sound in a gas. Discuss

Laplace correction & arrive at the formula modified by him.
Newton’s formula : According to Newton, velocity of sound wave

(longitudinal wave) in any medium is given by -------(1)

where E is the modulus of elasticity and is the density of the medium.

28
for a gaseous medium E = B (bulk modulus). Therefore, -------(2)

[ from equation (1) ] When sound waves travel through a gas, alternate
compression and rarefaction are produced. In a compressed region, volume
decreases & pressure increases and in a rarefied region, volume increases
and hence pressure decreases. newton assumed that these changes in
pressure and volume takes place under ISOTHERMAL condition that is at
constant temperature.
And hence from equation (3) we have B = P

equation (2) becomes ------(4)

Equation(4) is called as newton’s formula for velocity of sound wave in a

gaseous medium
For air at STP, P = 1.013 x 105 Pascal (Nm-2) = 1.293 kg m-3
substituting these in equation (4) is V = 280 ms-1, But experimental value
is 331ms-1. , so this formula was discarded.
Laplace correction : According to Laplace the condition prevailing to the
compression and rarefaction is ADIABATIC & not ISOTHERMAL. This is
because, the vibration (compression & rarefaction) of layer of air are so
rapid, that there is hardly any time for the exchange of heat between the
layers and also air is a bad conductor of heat. Under adiabatic condition, the
relation between pressure(P) & volume (V) is given by PV= constant then

eq (2) becomes Equation (6) is called Newton’s laplace for--

mula. For air =7/5 = 1.4

from equation (6) velocity of sound in air at STP is given
by v = 332 ms-1

29
21. Describe the Carnot cycle of operation using PV diagram.

Carnot cycle consists of two

adiabatic and two isothermal
processes, all are
reversible.
To describe the carnot cycle,
assume the working sub-
stance or ideal gas contained
in a cylinder fitted with a
movable piston.
* The cylinder walls and
piston are non-conducting.

30
 Since

this is the expression for efficiency of carnot engine.

22.Write different form of progressive wave equation and explain

its terms
Various forms of progressive wave function.
where y = displacement
(i) y = A sin ( t – kx) A = amplitude
2  = angular frequency
(ii) y = A sin ( t – x)
 n = frequency
t x k = propagation constant
(iii) y = A sin 2    
T   T = time period
2  = wave length
(iv) y = A sin (vtt – x)
 v = wave velocity
 x
(v) y = A sin   t   t = instantaneous time
 v
x = position of particle from origin
Phase and phase difference : Phase of the wave is given by the argument of
sine or cosine in the equation of wave. It is represented by
2 .
 (x , t )  (vt  x )
 2
 Phase difference =  Path difference

31
23. Arrive at an expression for the time period of simple pendulum.

Let m be the mass of the bob of the

oscillations about the mean position
L be the length of the simple
pendulum,
T be the tension in the string,
Fg(= mg) be the gravitational force
Fgcos is the radial component of
gravitational force.
Fgsin is the tangential component
of gravitational force.

F=ma = -mgsinsince a =-y.

m(-y) = -mgsin
f the angular displacement is very small , sin
Eq (1) becomes y = g 
 y = g ( y / l )  ( y / l ) from figure

since

Period of oscillation

24. Derive for ideal gass

We have perfect gas equation , PV=RT ——(1)

On differentiating above equation at constant pressure, we get,
pdV = R dT——(2)

= 

But thereforee
32
25. Discuss different modes of vibration (first three harmonics) pro-
duced in a closed pipe.
Consider a closed pipe of length L, which encloses an air column. This air
column is set into vibrations by holding a vibrating tuning fork near its
mouth. These longitudinal waves of frequency & wavelength travel with
a velocity of v froms a node at the closed end and an antinode at the open
end. The first 3 nodes of oscillations are as shown below.

for fundamental mode of oscillation (or) first harmonic (n = 0) and

corresponding frequency is given by
f1 = v /4L ---(1) since  L
For second mode of oscillation (n =1) corresponding frequency is given by
f 2 = 3v /4L = 3 f1 ---(2) since  L/3
this is called as I overtone (or) third harmonic. Similarly, for third mode of
oscillation (n =2) corresponding frequency is given by
f3 = 5v /4L = 5 f1 ----(3) since  L/5
; this is called as II overtone (or) fifth harmonic and so on…………
Therefore, f1 : f2 : f3 : ………….= 1 : 3 : 5:……….
Thus, a closed pipe produces odd harmonics i.e., the ratio of frequencies of
overtone to that of fundamental frequency are odd natural numbers.

26. Discuss different modes of vibration (first three harmonics) pro-

duced in a open pipe.
Consider a open pipe of length L, which encloses an air column. This air
column is set into vibrations by holding a vibrating tuning fork near its
mouth. These longitudinal waves of frequency f & wavelength travel with
a velocity of v forms an antinodes at the both open ends and nodes &
antinodes are formed in between . The first 3 nodes of oscillations are as
shown below.

33
for fundamental mode of oscilla-
tion (or) first harmonic (n = 0)
and
corresponding frequency is given
by
f1 = v /2L ---(1) since  L
For second mode of oscillation
(n =1) corresponding frequency is
given by
f2 = 2v /2L = 2 f1 ---(2)
since  L/2
this is called as I overtone (or)
second harmonic.
Similarly, for third mode of oscillation (n =2) corresponding frequency is
given by
f3 = 3v /2L= 3 f1 ----(3) since  L/3
; this is called as II overtone (or) third harmonic and so on…………
Therefore, f1 : f2 : f3 : ………….= 1 : 2 : 3:……….
Thus, a open pipe produces all harmonics i.e., the ratio of frequencies of
overtone to that of fundamental frequency are natural numbers.
27.Show that torque is equal to rate of change of angular momen-
tum of a particle.   
We have, Angular momentum,   r x p


Differentiating d   d ( r x p )
 

dt dt
    

Considering RHS,
d    d r    d p 
( r x p)   x p  r x 
dr 
dt  dt   dt  v
    dt
       
  d    dp 
d        d p   ( r x p)   v x m v    r x
 ( r x p )   v x p    r x dt    dt 
dt    dt   
     
  dp
Because v x m v   0 (cross product of v x v = 0) and F ,
  dt
 
d r  p    
Therefore,  0   r  F  0  
dt
34
1. Draw the position - time graph for an object (i) at rest (ii) with uniform
motion.

2. Draw velocity - time graphs for motion in (a) positive direction with
positive acceleration (b) negative direction with negative acceleration.

3. How do you represent graphically work done by a constant force

and by a variable force ?
i. Work done by a constant force ii Work done by a variable force

35
4. Draw stress – strain curve. Show yield point and
fracture point.

5.

6. Give the graphical representation of the variation of potential energy,

kinetic energy and the total energy of Simple harmonic motion.

36
1. Define SI unit of force
The SI unit force is newton and force said to be one newton if it causes
an acceleration of 1 m s-2 to a mass of 1 kg.
.
2. Write the S.I unit and dimensional formula of stress
S.I Unit of stress = N/m2 or Pascal (Pa) Dimensional formula = [Ma LbT c]
3. Write the S.I unit and dimensional formula of impulse.
S.I unit is N.s Dimensional formula is [MLT-1]
4. Write the S.I unit and dimensional formula of coefficent of thermal
conductivity.
SI unit of K is Wm-1K-1 . The dimensional formula is [M1L1T-3K-1].
5.Mention the SI unit of pressure.
Nm-2 or pascal (Pa)
6. Name the SI unit of current / temperature / amount of a substance / luminous
intensity.
ampere / Kelvin / mole / candela.
7. Name the larger units of length.
Astronomical unit (AU) and light year (ly), parsec (pc)
8.Write the SI unit and dimensions of moment of inertia.
S.I unit is Kgm2 and dimensions is [M1L2T0]
9. Write the value of specific heat capacity of water.
4186 Jkg-1K-1
10.What is the SI unit of angular frequency?
Radian per second (rad/s).
11.What is the SI unit of frequency?
hertz (Hz).
12. What is the S.I. unit of Torque ? Write the dimensions of
torque
S I unit of torque N-m, Dimension [ML2T-2]
13, Express kiWh in joule 1 kilowatt hour (kWh)= 3.6x106J
14.Write the S.I unit of spring constant.
newton per metre.(Nm-1).
37
1.Mention two type of error in measurement
Systematic error: These error occurs in one direction either positive /
negative due to instrumental error, imperfection in experimental
technique or procedure, personnel errors.
Random error: These error occur irregularly and hence are random
with respect with respect to sign and size.
Method of reducing systematic error.
It can be minimized by improving experimental techniques, selecting better
instruments and removing personal bias
2. Mention three types of modes of transmission of heat
Three modes of transmission of heat are:
a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation
3.Mention the three types of moduli of elasticity.
(i) Young’s modulus (ii) Shear modulus and (iii) Bulk modulus
4. S.T impulse is equal to change in momentum & write its SI unit
Impulse F t = (m ( v- v0) /t ) t = m v- mv0 change in momentum
The SI unit of impulse is kgms-1
5. Give the equation of state of ideal gas.
PV = RT for moles of ideal gas.
6. Mention the expression for velocity of a particle executing SHM.
Velocity : v(t) = –Ásin(t).
7. Give the expression for acceleration of a particle executing SHM.
Acceleration : a(t) = – A  cos (t) = – Á x(t)
8. Give the expression for total mechanical energy of a particle execut-
ing SHM.

9. Give the expression for escape velocity

********************
38