 Is an important and common electrolyte

abnormality that can be seen in isolation or as

most often is the case as a complication of other
medical illness[e.g.heart
failure.,liverfailure,renal failure or
pneumonia]
 The normal serum sodium level is 135-140
meq/L.
 Hponatremia is defined as serum sodium level
of less than 135 meq/L..
 According to serum sodium concentration:

MILD:130-134mmol/L

MODERATE:125-129mmol/L

SEVERE:less than 125 mmol/L.

 According to volume status:
Hypovolemic hyponatremia: dec in total body water with greater dec in
total body sodium
Euvolemic hyponatremia:normal body sodium with inc in total body water
Hypervolemic hyponatremia:inc in total body sodium with inc in total
body water
According to effective osmolality:
 Hypotonic hyponatremia
 Isotonic hyponatremia
 Hypertonic hyponatremia