 Hindu

philosophy is a
vast philosophical system
which highlights the
inner man and his reality
 1. Annamayatman – the self which
consists of flesh and blood and is
dependent on food, and therefore is
changeable. This is the physical self.
(body)
 2. Paranamayatman - The Self that
consists of the vital breaths in man and
is dependent on vital breath. This is the
self as the principle of natural life, It is
contained in the Annamayatman. (vital
brain)
 3. Manumayatman – The self that is
dependent on volition. It is the principle of
the will. It is within the Pranamayatman.
(volition, will)
 4. Vijnamayatman – the self that is the
principle of intellection. (intellect)
 5. Annandamayatman – the self that is
dependent on bliss. It is the innermost
kernel of man and of nature as a whole. It
is in contrast with the reality of
experience, that which lies beyond the
other side, unutterable, unfathomable.
(bliss)
 1. Vaisvanara or Vishva – The Waking
State – This is a state common to all
men. It is directed to the objects of the
external world, thus to gross objects. It
has consciousness of the external world.
Here we find a subject-object duality.

 2 Taijasa – The Dreaming State – This is

a state where the mind has for its objects
phantasms or images of objects of the
external world. thus here we find a
subject-object duality.
 3. Prajna - The Deep Sleep State – This
is the state that has no dream image;
hence no objects. This has no subject-
object duality. there is a shadow
because we see here a shadow of
supreme bliss, not positive bliss.

 4. Turiya – The Fourth State – This is

the suppression of the consciousness
of objects and union with the eternal
knowing subject. This is the state of
pure consciousness.
 These are the three ultimate causes of
suffering: (Attachments)
 1.Greed and desire, represented in art
by a rooster
 2.Ignorance or delusion, represented
by a pig
 3.Hatred and destructive urges,
represented by a snake
 Nirvana means extinguishing. Attaining
nirvana - reaching enlightenment -
means extinguishing the three fires of
greed, delusion and hatred.

 Someone who has attained

enlightenment is filled with compassion
for all living things.
 The final Noble Truth is the Buddha's
prescription for the end of suffering.
This is a set of principles called the
Eightfold Path.

 The Eightfold Path is also called the

Middle Way: it avoids both indulgence
and severe asceticism, neither of which
the Buddha had found helpful in his
search for enlightenment.
Right Understanding - Sammā ditthi
Accepting Buddhist teachings. (The
Buddha never intended his followers to
believe his teachings blindly, but to
practise them and judge for themselves
whether they were true.)

Right Intention - Sammā san̄kappa

A commitment to cultivate the right
attitudes.
 Right Speech - Sammā vācā
Speaking truthfully, avoiding
slander, gossip and abusive speech.
 Right Action - Sammā kammanta
Behaving peacefully and
harmoniously; refraining from stealing,
killing and overindulgence in sensual
pleasure.
Right Livelihood - Sammā ājīva
Avoiding making a living in ways that
cause harm, such as exploiting people or
killing animals, or trading in intoxicants or
weapons.

 Right Effort - Sammā vāyāma

Cultivating positive states of mind;
freeing oneself from evil and
unwholesome states and preventing them
arising in future.
 Right Mindfulness - Sammā sati
Developing awareness of the
body, sensations, feelings and
states of mind.
 Right Concentration - Sammā
samādhi
Developing the mental focus
necessary for this awareness.
 Wisdom (right understanding and
intention),
 Ethical Conduct (right speech, action
and livelihood) and;
 Meditation (right effort, mindfulness
and concentration).
CONFUCIANISM
 The virtue of virtues

 It is dearer than life itself--the man of

jen will sacrifice his life to preserve jen,
and conversely it is what makes life
worth living.
 Two basic meanings to li: (1) concrete
guide to human relationships or rules of
proper action that genuinely embody jen
and (2) general principle of social order
or the general ordering of life.
 Confucius recognized that you need a
well ordered society for wren to be
expressed.
 First Sense: the concrete guide to human
relationships.
 a. The way things should be done or
propriety: positive rather than negative ("Do's
rather than Don'ts).
 b. The main components of propriety
emphasize the openness of people to each
other.
 Second Sense of li: principle of social order;
ritual; ordering of life; conforming to the
norms of jen (the limits and authenticity of li).
 Yi connotes a moral sense: the
ability to recognize what is right
and good; the ability to feel, under
the circumstances what is the right
thing to do.
 Parents are revered because they
are the source of your life. They
have sacrificed much for you.
 One should do well and make the
family name known and respected:
bring honor to your family.
 Consider someone you respect and
admire who saves your life or someone
who has sacrificed his life for you--as,
indeed, your parents did. Hence, the
reverence.

 Hsiao implies that you give your parents

not only physical care but also emotional
and spiritual richness. When the parents
die, their unfulfilled aims and purposes
should be the purposes of the children.
 He is intelligent enough to meet
anything without fear.
 The patterns of prestige are used in the service
of governance of the country.

 Government is good if it can maintain (1)

economic sufficiency, (2) military sufficiency,
and (3) confidence of the people.
The Key Terms in Confucianism form an
intricate web of concepts.
A. jen: human heartedness; humaneness
B. li: principle of gain, benefit; in general,
"principle," propriety, ritual, social order.
C. yi: righteousness; the moral disposition to
do good.
D. hsiao: filial piety, reverence; familial love
E. chih: moral wisdom
F. chun-tzu: the ideal person; the superior
man
G. te: virtue; power; power by which people
are ruled; power of moral example
 Whereas Confucianism urged the
individual to conform to the standards of
an ideal social system, Daoism maintained
that the individual should ignore the
dictates of society and seek only to
conform with the underlying pattern of the
universe, the Dao (or Tao, meaning “way”),
which can neither be described in words
nor conceived in thought.

 But this mystical way is what leads to the

moral “virtue” the De.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING