Civilian- Military Relationship

.
 .

• Background
 .
• Turkish model- Atta-Turk prohibited role of Army in
politics
• However after 1960 coup d’ etat
• 1961 Act to legitimize Military intervention in Politics. Article 35
& 65 of this act Army perceived itself as the custodian of Kemalist
ideology specially secular aspect of this ideology.
• It still maintains influence in decision making process.
• It has record of intervening 4 times & removing the Govts.
• Military has been most important force in Turkey’s modernization
but is also opposed to join EU (Supreme Military Council).
• On some decline after removal of various Generals in 2010.
• Secularism & constitution role in politics. Custodian of national
integrity. Ardogan regime has tried to marginalize it but….
 .
• Egypt model- Dis-engaged from politics &
remained loyal to Govts since 1950s & 60s
assuming more professional role.
• However since 2011 uprising it has made a
come back in politics & in drafting new
constitution.
• Future depends on Sisi, the head of
transitional govt.
 .
• Pakistan model-
 .

• History
 .
• Martial race- Pothohar (Punjab)
• Over- established institution
• A HISTORY OF THE PAKISTAN ARMY. -BRIAN
CLOUGHLEY (REVIEWED BY MAJOR A.H AMIN-
RETIRED).
 .
• British Indian Army of 11,800 officers and
500,000 enlisted personnel was to be divided
to the ratio of 64% for India and 36% for
Pakistan.
• Pakistani Armed Forces initially numbered around 150,000 men, many
.
scattered around various bases in India and needing to be transferred to
Pakistan by train. The independence created large scale communal
violence in the India. In total, around 7 million Muslims migrated to
Pakistan and 5 million Sikhs and Hindus to India with over a million
people dying in the process.
• Of the estimated requirement of 4,000 officers for Pakistani Armed
Forces, only 2,300 were actually available. The neutral British officers
were asked to fill in the gap and nearly 500 volunteered as well as many
Polish and Hungarian officers to run the medical corps.
• By October 1947, Pakistan had raised four divisions in West Pakistan and
one division in East Pakistan with an overall strength of ten infantry
brigades and one armored brigade with thirteen tanks. Many brigades
and battalions within these divisions were below half strength, but
Pakistani personnel continued to arrive from all over India, the Middle
East and North Africa and from South East Asia. Mountbatten and Field
Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, the last Commander-in-Chief, India, had
made it clear to Pakistan that in case of war with India, no other
member of the Commonwealth would come to Pakistan's help.
• The military holds a significant place in the history of
.
Pakistan, as the Pakistani Armed Forces have played, and
still continue to play, a vital role in the Pakistani
establishment and shaping of the country since its
inception. Although Pakistan was founded as a
democracy after its independence from the British Raj, the
military has remained one of the country's most powerful
institutions and has on occasion overthrown
democratically elected civilian governments on the basis
of mismanagement and corruption. Successive
governments have made sure that the military was
consulted before they took key decisions, especially when
those decisions related to the Kashmir conflict and foreign
policy. Political leaders of Pakistan's developing democracy
know that the military has stepped into the political arena
before at times of crisis through Coup d'état to establish
military dictatorships, and could do so again
 .
• (It is stated often that many of Jinnah’s actions as
Governor General of Pakistan were undemocratic or
unconstitutional.
• Four accusations in particular seem to stick.
• First, that Jinnah chose to be the Governor-General
instead of prime minister;
• second, that he concentrated power in his own hands;
• third, that he dismissed the NWFP (now Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Assembly); and
• fourth, that Jinnah chose Urdu as the ‘national’
language.
 .
• (It is stated often that many of Jinnah’s actions as
Governor General of Pakistan were undemocratic or
unconstitutional.
• Four accusations in particular seem to stick.
• First, that Jinnah chose to be the Governor-General
instead of prime minister;
• second, that he concentrated power in his own hands;
• third, that he dismissed the NWFP (now Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Assembly); and
• fourth, that Jinnah chose Urdu as the ‘national’
language.
 .
• This is very relevant in the context of the Khan Ministry dismissal, for that
dismissal was not the dissolution of a legislature but simply constitutional
maneuvering. The governor of NWFP, after concluding that Dr Khan Sahib
no longer commanded the confidence of the House, invited Abdul
Qayyum Khan to form the government, which he did. After this, the House
was prorogued and reconvened when Qayyum had established a majority
before the budget session. Technicality?Perhaps. However, the Canadian
Governor-General as late as December 2008 used the same constitutional
device to save Prime Minister Harper’s government and no one accused
her of being undemocratic.
• The dismissal of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP, now Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa) government has long been cited as an example of an early
streak of authoritarianism in Pakistan’s history. It is said much of Pakistan’s
later crisis of democracy has its roots in this decision.
 ,
• In Pakistan, the need for establishing a true
democracy is as old as the country itself.

• In Pakistan, however, the already difficult

situation has been aggravated by constant
failures which never let democracy survive.
•
• How we started- Weak. Pakistan
• Literacy rate 17%
• Dictatorship- Governor General
• Bureaucracy
• No Govt machinery
• No infrastructure
• Survival issue
• No RRR/ Enlightenment
• No Democratic culture
 Governor Generals
(until 1956)/ Presidents thereafter.
• 1. Quaid e Azam 14/8/9147 to 11/9/1948
• 2. Khawaja Nazimuddin 14/9/1948 to 17/10/1951
• 3. Ghulam Mohammed. 17/10/1951 to 6/10/1955

•
 Prime Ministers
• 1. Liaquat Ali Khan August 1947- October 1951

• 2. Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin October 1951- April 1953

• 3. Muhammad Ali Bogra April 1953- August 1955
• 4. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali August 1955- September 1956
• 5. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Sept 1956- October 1957
• 6. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar October 1957- December 1957

• 7. Sir Feroz Khan Noon Dec. 1957- October 1958

 .
• General Gracey- 1947- 51
• In 1948 he refused Jinnah
 Unique feature of Pak Politics

1958- 69

1969- 71

“I was invited
Three times
1977- 88
By politicians”.
Both blamed
Each other
1999- 2008
 Contagious Issues
– Role of military in national politics
– Military influence over foreign policy affairs
– Unilateral role of military in designing defense policy
– Military defense budget
– Domain of intelligence agencies
– Military demand for non interference in their
promotions
– Issue of military industrial complex like FWO, FFC,
Askari Bank, Askari housing Societies and Fauji
foundation.
Sunday, July 7, 2019 Pakistan Affairs 21
 Contagious Issues
• Weak political leadership
• Ambitious military Generals
• Corruption
• Compromise over Pakistan’s vital national interests
i.e. Indus Water Treaty 1960, handing over the names of Khalistan freedom fighters
to Rajiv Gandhi in 1989,

• Article 58 (2) b in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973- 8th
Amendment (1985), 13th Amendment (1997), 17th Amendment (2004), 18th Amendment
(2010)

• Proceedings under Article 6 against General

Musharraf
Sunday, July 7, 2019 Pakistan Affairs 22
 .
Compromise over Pakistan’s vital national interests
• Indus Water Treaty 1960,
• Military action in East Pakistan and the surrender of 90000 Pakistani troops
in 1971,
• Participating in Afghan Jihad in 1979,
• Handing over the names of Khalistan freedom fighters to Rajiv Gandhi in
1989,
• Leaking of nuclear secrets to the British and the US in 1993 thereby leading
to the restrictions on Pakistan under US Pressler Amendment
• War on Terror 2001, fencing of LoC 2003,
•
• National Reconciliation Order in 2007,
• Drone attacks in 2004,
• NATO supply routes in 2007
• Memo Gate Scandal in 2011,

• Ramind Davis case- 2011

Sunday, July 7, 2019 Pakistan Affairs 23

1. Ayub Khan
1958- 69

“I was invited
Three times
By
politicians”.
 .
• Ayub Khan
• 1st native Chief of Staff in 1951- By Liaquat Ali
Khan
• 1st martial law in 1958

• Defence Minister- 1958- 66

• Defeated Fatima Jinnah in 1965 presidential

elections
2. Yahya Khan
1969- 71
 .
• Bhutto- 1st Civilian Martial law administrator
 .
• 3. Zia-ul-Haq
1977- 1988
 .
• Zia-
• Declared pak constitution as a “rag of paper”.
• Rigged referendum
• Militarized bureaucracy
• Civilian depts
• CEs
• Quota in Civil services
• Soviet war- Army hijacked foreign policy
• Destruction of PPP/ MQM constituted
 .
• 1990s- Stunts of Democracy
• Benazir- 20 months rule
• Aslam Beg’s (1988- 91) warning.
• 1990 elections fully controlled
• Beg accused of financing Islamic Democratic
front (IDF) & right wing parties agains left wing-
PPP & rigged subsequent elections in 1990.
(Mehran bank- Durrani distributed Rs. 140 mn.)
• Also criticised for transfering Nuclear technology
Iran
•Aslam Beg’s (1988- 91)
• Warning to Benazir
•1990 elections fully controlled

• Accused of financing Islamic Democratic front

(IDF) & right wing parties against left wing- PPP
& rigged subsequent elections in 1990. (Mehran
bank- Durrani distributed Rs. 140 mn.)
•Also criticized for transferring Nuclear
technology to Iran
 ,
• Sharif-
• Asif Nawaz Janjua- 1991- 93-
• Successful Sind operation as cc khi.
• Waheed Kakar- 1993-.96.
• He pressurized both nawaz & ishaq to resign at the
height of political n constitutional crises.. Thus
precipitating in 1993 elections
• "Kakar Formula". In 1993, when Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and President
Ghulam Ishaq fell out, opposition leader Benazir Bhutto pushed the crisis to
tipping point by launching long marches and rallies and triggering
resignations from the national and provincial parliaments. This compelled
the army chief, General Waheed Kakar, to step in to pry them apart, then
push them both out and set up a truly independent caretaker government
with an efficient and non-controversial prime minister (Moeen Qureshi) who
held elections in 90 days.
• Kakar spoiled coup by Gen. Zahir ul Abbasi acting in commplicity with Harkat
ul Jihad al Islami to assissinate him & Benazir.

• With Kakar, Pukhtoon era began. The president belonged to KP & so did
new c/o army staff.
Waheed Kakar- 1993- 96.
He pressurized both nawaz & ishaq to resign at the height of
political n constitutional crises.. Thus precipitating in 1993
elections
"Kakar Formula". In 1993, when Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif and President Ghulam Ishaq fell out, opposition leader
Benazir Bhutto pushed the crisis to tipping point by
launching long marches and rallies and triggering
resignations from the national and provincial parliaments.
This compelled the army chief, General Waheed Kakar, to
step in to pry them apart, then push them both out and set
up a truly independent caretaker government with an
efficient and non-controversial prime minister (Moeen
Qureshi) who held elections in 90 days.
Kakar spoiled coup by gen. zahir ul abbasi acting in
commplicity with harkat ul jihad al islami to assissinate him n
benazir.

With kakar pukhtoon era began. The president belonged to

kp n so did new c/o army staff.
 .
• Sharif-

• Jahangir Karamat- 1996 by Benazir.

• Served as C/o JS till Oct. 98.
• Sharif era- Resigned when he advocated the
idea of National Security Council
4. Pervez Musharraf
1999- 2008
• Musharraf- .
• 1998- 2007 as c/o army staff.
• karamat.
• Kargil war- May 1999
• Contentious ties with P/M sharif…leading to 1999 coup.
• Followed footsteps of zia, became president (2001- 2008) & sabotaged
dem. Process.
• Brutal operation in Baluchistan & murder of Akbar Bugti (Aug, 2006)
• Suspension of Iftikhar Chaudhry - (Jun, 2005- Nov, 2007). (Restored in
Mar, 2009)
• NRO- Oct, 2007
• Assassination of Benazir- Dec, 2007
• Fell from power in 2008 & left the country
• Disqualified in 2013 elections by High court.
• Charged with high treason in Mar 2014
• 17th Amendment .
The Constitution (17th Amendment) Act, 2003 was an
amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan passed in
December 2003, after over a year of political wrangling
between supporters and opponents of Musharraf. The
Amendment made many changes to Pakistan's
constitution. Many of these changes dealt with the
office of the President and the reversal of the effects of
the 13th.Amendment Following are the major points:

• President Musharraf's Legal Framework Order (LFO)

was largely incorporated into the constitution, with a
few changes.
• Kayani- 2007- 13 .

• Gilani extended his tenure

in 2010
• 28th most powerful man- Forbes 2012
• He withdrew army from politics & all govt depts.
• He kept army away in 2008 elections. PPP won &
formed coalition govt opposing Musharraf.
• Criticism on kiyani for handing over Ramine Davis
• Benazir
 .
• Zardari
• Tries to control ISI & other agencies
 .
• Sharif, Musharraf’s trial & relations
• Consensus on Zarb-e- Azb.
 .
• Current Scenario
 .
• Rahil Sharif-
• Nov 2013 (15th C/o Army staff)

• Dialogue with Taliban- Sharif & Sharif not on the

same page
• Consensus on Azb e Zarb- July 2014
• Supporting Democracy
• Deviation from hawkish attitude….?
• (Gen Kayani’s brother, DHA scandal & Army- 2016)
 .
• 2015/16- Relationship remains
problematic;
• Army wants free hand to deal with India, US &
Afgn.
• Free hand to deal with terrorism. Its critical of
Sharif govt’s inability to deliver on political &
economic dimensions of NAP like FATA
reforms, IDPs rehabilitation, madrassa reforms
& funding & so on.
 .
• In Sind Army wants to include criminal mafaias in
its definition of terrorist.
• Military also wants to deal directly with Afgn &
US govts on how to help Afgn without enabling
India to gain firm foot in Kabul. (Regional
approach excludes India)
• Panama leaks (Apr.2016) shall further weaken
Civilian Govt.
• Rahil Sharif sacks 6 senior Army officers & calls
for across the board accountability
 .
• Sept 2016- Nawaz delivered pro-Kashmir
speech in General assembly on Army pressure
•
• Oct 2016- Dawn news (Cyril Almeida)
• “Act against militants or face isolation”.
 On going issues…
• Operation
• Corruption/ Accountability issue- “Sleeplessness
nights of Sharifs”
• Lack luster response towards NAP
• Governance issue
• Silence of Govt on Raw agent
• CPEC to be monitored by an independent body
• Operation in Punjab & Sind??
 .

• Critical Analysis
 Civilians perspective Army’s perspective
•Unconstitutional interventions s•Politicians misconduct&
•Army damaged Democracy incompetence
•Curtailed pol parties/ activities •Corrupt
•Disrespected institutions/ •Disrespect for Dem.
Constitution Norms/Democracy
•Manipulated parties & elections •Confrontational politics
•Corrupt •Appointment of C/o staff on
•Active behind the scene discretion
•Tried to undermine Army/
agencies

•Connivance of politicians- dual role

•Both equally responsible- Undemocratic norms
•Both – power hungry (absolute)
•Both pursued Master’s agenda
•Both had little concerns about common man
•
.
America- invested in Pak army & backed
successive dictatorships. They were reliable
instruments for America. US made every effort
to thwart democracy.
• Military forced to play un-constitutional role
• Legitimacy issue
• Toppling/ formation of Govts, controlling
elections
 .
• Dummy prime ministers

• Always active behind the civ. govt

• Civilians responsible?? Misconduct/ corruption/
Collaboration
• Democracy de- railed/ saved??
• Economic development
• Civilian institutions under-mined
• Marginalization of small provinces
 .
• Suggestion/ Conclusion
 .
• Democracy on the rise
• Dictatorship outdated
• Global institutions not dealing with Dictators
• Army to play its Constitutional role
• Survival lies in……..
•
 After Zia-ul- Haq
• Benazir Bhutto- Dec. 1988 Aug. 1990

• Nawaz Sharif Nov. 1990- Apr. 1993

• Benazir Bhutto Oct. 1993- Nov. 1996

• Nawaz Sharif Feb. 1997- Oct. 1999