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Analysis
Greg Stoddard
D E
E not-D D not-E
D E
not-E not-D not-D not-E
Data Layout,
E Not-E
D a b nD Cohort Study
Not-D c d nnot-D
NE Nnot-E
E Not-E
D a b ND Case-Control
Not-D c d Nnot-D Study
nE nnot-E
Case-Control Study
E Not-E
exposure odds ratio
D a b ND = odds(E|D)/odds(E|not-D)
Not-D c d Nnot-D = (a/b)/(c/d) = (ad)/(bc)
nE nnot-E
So, as long as either E or D is free to vary, you get the same
relative effect measure, the odds ratio, with both study designs.
E Not-E Cohort Study
D a b nD a a
Not-D c d nnot-D RR= NE a+c
b b
NE Nnot-E
Nnot-E b+d
If the disease is rare (<10% in both E and Not-E groups), so
a ≈ 0 and b ≈ 0, then c ≈ a + c and d ≈ b + d.
Substituting, a a
a+c c ad
RR= = =OR
b b bc
b+d d
So, OR from case-control study approximates RR from
cohort study, when the rare disease assumption is met.
Why the 10%, or 0.10, incidence proportion
is a good cutpoint for “rare disease” is
illustrated nicely in a figure published in:
Why?
Risk Ratio Analysis
Total 90 25 110 20
Exposed Not-Exposed
Disease 25 (50%) 20 (40%)
Not-Disease 25 30
N 50 50
Total 90 25 110 20
Exposed Not-Exposed
Disease 25 (50%) 20 (40%)
Person-Days 90 110
Total 90 25 110 20
To adjust the standard error for the way the sampling was
done, there are three approaches:
Prentice
Self and Prentice
Barlow
In Stata,
Prentice:
stcascoh, alpha(.18) // risk set sampling
stcox nickel, robust
Barlow
stcascoh, alpha(.18) // risk set sampling with log weights (_wBarlow)
stcox nickel, robust offset(_wBarlow)
The simulations results are:
Case-cohort design with risk set
sampling (Prentice Method)
Population Actual Dataset Augmented
Relative Effect with almos rare Dataset with
Measure disease (3% in frequent disease
unexposed, 12% (15% in
in exposed) unexposed, 60%
in exposed)
Odds Ratio 3.76 3.76
Risk Ratio 3.43 2.65
Rate Ratio 4.76 3.87
Hazard Ratio 5.02 (HR=5.08) 4.19