Amity School of Business

Module -2

Internet Architecture and

ISP’s

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 Amity School of Business

Hardware and Software

Design Consideration &
Implementation
• Factors to keep in Mind
• Hardware Requirements. (Server &
other Hardware Component)
• Software Requirements (Various Web
Software)
• Disaster Recovery and Fault-Tolerance
Requirements.
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 Step 1: Factors to Keep in Amity School of Business

Mind
• Location – Where will the network be installed? How
convenient is the location?
• Capacity – What is the optimum traffic capacity of
the network
• Distance Limitations- What is the distance of the
farthest PC to the server? How does distance affect
network performances during peak hours?
• Cost – What is the estimated cost of the proposed
network installation? Is the cost within the client’s
budget? What are the hidden cost?
• Potential Growth – How easily and how well can the
network be expanded to meet the growing demands of
the client organizations
• Security- How secure is the proposed network?
What security measures should be incorporated ?
Who will be in charge of monitoring security. 3
 Amity School of Business

Step 2 : Hardware & Software

Considerations
Factors when selecting network architecture
• Hardware requirements: Hardware includes
servers, workstations, printers, switches,
routers, minicomputers, and backup systems.
• Software requirements: These requirements
depend largely on the hardware and
applications required.
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 Step 3 : Disaster Recovery Amity School of Business

and Fault-Tolerance
Requirements
• Recovery from disaster depends on the sensitivity of
data, size of the files and reliability of the network.
Redundant equipment (switches, routers, severs) also
should be as backup for the main network. Fault
tolerant means the system has built-in features that
allows it to recover from failure. Fault-tolerant hard
disks are defines by a set of specifications known
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or RAID,
which mirror resident disk drives. 5
 Amity School of Business

What is Network ?

• A Network is a connection between at

least two computers for the purpose of
sharing resources.
Types of Network
– Peer to Peer Networks
– Client – Server Networks
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 Amity School of Business

Peer to Peer Network

• Computers in peer-to peer networks are usually linked
together as equals, with no centralized server or
control. Any computer can share its resources with
any other computer on the same network in any way
and whenever it chooses to do so.
• Users are network administrators in that they control
access to the resources that reside on their own
computer.
• As a rule, a peer to peer setup connects fewer than
10 computers. It is appropriate for a dental clinic or a
travel agency.
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 Amity School of Business

Peer to Peer Network

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 Peer- to Peer Networks Amity School of Business

Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy to install • Every time a computer in
• East to configure the the network is accessed.
system. • Network security is
• Users can control their applied to one computer
own shared resources at a time.
• Ideal for small business • Backup is performed on
of 10 users or less each machine separately
• No need for a full-time to protect shared
network administrator resources.
• Inexpensive to purchase • No centralized setup to
and operate locate, manage, or control
access to data.
• Users have to use a
separate password on
each computer in the
network. 9
 Client/Server Amity School of Business

Architecture
• Server - any computer used to provide files
to other computers connected to it through a
network
– Server software
– Server hardware
• Patterns of server architectures (tested
solutions to common problems)
• Client – any computer or workstation
connected to the server within a network
• Client/Server Network – a cluster of
computers (called clients) connected to one or
more servers of the network. 10
Two-Tier Client/Server
Amity School of Business

Architecture

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 Client / Server Amity School of Business

Architecture
Advantages Disadvantages
• Centralized security • Specialized staff
access and control. needed to manage the
• Ideal for more than 10 specialized hardware
users. and software.
• Simpler network • Network failure means
administration than clients are almost
peer-to peer networks. helpless
• Ideal when user • Higher cost than peer-
computers are not in to peer network because
close proximity. of the specialized
• Users remember only hardware and software
one password. architecture.
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 Three-Tier Client/Server
Amity School of Business

Architectures
• In 3-tier architecture, there is an intermediary level,
meaning the architecture is generally split up
between:
• A client, i.e. the computer, which requests the
resources, equipped with a user interface (usually a
web browser) for presentation purposes.
• The application server (also called middleware),
whose task it is to provide the requested resources,
but by calling on another server.
• The data server, which provides the application
server with the data it requires.
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Three-Tier and N-Tier
Amity School of Business

Client/Server
Architectures

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 Types of Server Amity School of Business

• Application Server : a server dedicated to running

certain software applications
• Catalog Server : a central search point for
information across a distributed network
• Communication Server : carrier-grade computing
platform for communications networks
• Compute Server : a server intended for intensive
(esp. scientific) computations
• Database Server : provides database services to
other computer programs or computers
• Fax Server : provides fax services for clients
• File Server : provides remote access to files
• Game Server : a server that video game clients
connect to in order to play online together
• Home Server : a server for the home
• Mail Server : handles transport of and access to email
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 Types of Server Amity School of Business

• Media Server : a specialized application server, usually

enterprise class machine, providing video on demand
• Mobile Server : or Server on the Go is an Intel Xeon
processor based server class laptop form factor
computer.
• Name Server Or DNS
• Print Server : provides printer services
• Proxy Server : acts as an intermediary for requests
from clients seeking resources from other servers
• Sound Server : provides multimedia broadcasting,
streaming.
• Stand alone Server : a server on a Windows network
that does not belong to or govern a Windows domain
• Web Server : a server that HTTP clients connect to in
order to send commands and receive responses along
with data contents
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 Amity School of Business

E-Commerce Web Sites

To plan appropriately for an e-commerce server one
must determine
• What they want to accomplish from a business
perspective
• Identify the types of content that will be
delivered
• Estimate how many visitors will be connecting to
the Web site
• Select an appropriate hardware and software
platform
• Select an appropriate service provider 17
 Amity School of Business

E-Commerce Web Sites-

Server options
• The job of a server computer is to respond to
requests from client computers
• Depending on the type and number of
requests different options are appropriate
• The three main components of a server that
have to be decided upon:
– Hardware platform (processor, storage,
networking—price, maintenance costs)
– Operating system
– Web server software
– Support for standards 18
Internet Service Providers Amity School of Business

• An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization

that provides services for accessing, using, or
participating in the Internet, Internet service
providers may be organized in various forms, such as
commercial-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately
owned.
• In 1969 only four hosting companies existed. In 1985,
there were 1,960 companies; by 2005 there were
more than 3,000 ISP’s in the United State and more
than 15,000 worldwide.
• For a Fee, the ISP gives you a software package, a
user name, a password and an access phone number.
Nearly every ISP today offers what is called virtual
hosting or a virtual domain, as well. This allows you to
have your own domain name, such as www.yourcompany
.com 19
Internet Service Providers Amity School of Business

• Depending on your requirement and your budget ISPs

can provide internet connectivity through different
types. An ISP can provide dial-up access, broadband,
cable, DSL and other types of access. In addition to
internet access, ISPs may provide other services as
well like web hosting, data centre services, Internet
transit, Domain name, Registration, and email
solutions.
• Different ISPs offer different deals. Individuals and
companies should do a little research of the ISPs
around the locality before choosing one, especially
the terms and conditions they offer. Some of the
important points to be considered while choosing an
ISP are call connection cost, whether cost is based
on downloads and uploads, reliability of the service,
whether there is an online usage check facility,
technical support facilities, security of the network
and safety of the information. 20
 How ISPs Really Work Amity School of Business

• It is most important for an organization that they

should know about an ISP because its not a matter of
a price which organization pay for the services. If you
have select a wrong ISP you can easily change but
when you are already into e-commerce can have an
adverse effect on your business.
• Most organization are anxious to go on internet
without questioning the reliability of the ISP that can
accommodate their Web Site, like travelers who
negotiate the lowest price regardless of the airline or
“equipments” that will fly them to their destination.
But there is more to deciding on an ISP than price.
Technology, Staffing, Speed and Amount of
Congestion are all part of what determines price and
continuity with an ISP.
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Types of Service Providers Amity School of Business

• There are Five types of Service Providers

– Internet Service Providers (ISP)
– Application Service Providers (ASP)
– Wireless Application Service Providers
(WASP)
– Business Service Providers (BSP)
– Wholesale Service Providers (WSP)

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 Types of Service Providers Cont..
Amity School of Business
• Internet Service Provider :- An ISP is simply a
specialized business that offers Internet Access. ISP
likes AOL offer Internet Service to millions of
customers. They all PC users to access Internet via
modems using a voice telephone network or directly via
cables. An ISP provides an interface between the public
telephone system and Internet digital phone lines, which
carry packet instead of voice conversion.
• Application Service Provider :- An ASP is an application
renter. It offers packaged software for lease online,
and generally focuses on high end applications like
Databases and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).
These application are expensive, take a lot of time to
install, and are labor intensive to manage. Upgrades
means prolonged downtime and additional cost. Training
also be costly. ASP allow small to midsize businesses to
choose from a menu applications without having to invest
in the staffing or infrastructure to support them.
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 Types of Service Providers Cont..
Amity School of Business

• Wireless Application Service Provider (WASP) :-

These service providers handle untethered
application; their responsibilities involve hosting,
developing, and ,managing application similar to that
and ASP. However, there is one real difference.
WASP infrastructure requires integration between
the Web and wireless networks. This means that
WASPs have to deal with a wide range of hardware
and mobile devices and wireless networking protocols.
It makes the job more complex.
• Business Service Provider (BSP) :- A BSP is an
Internet Service developer that rent only its own
proprietary applications via the Web. Generally, the
software is specific in function.
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 Types of Service Providers Cont..
Amity School of Business

• Wholesale Service Provider (WSP) :- This is a new

category of service provider that packages a
selection of BSP application for distribution online.
These service providers generally cater to small to
midsize businesses and can be an important addition
to large IT operations. ISPs fall into three
categories: the large wholesale access providers, the
smaller Internet backbone providers, and the local
ISPs.

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 Using an Internet Service Amity School of Business

Provider
• Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider
(ISP) is a common option. Most small & medium size
companies store their web site on a server provided by
an ISP. Here are some advantages:
• Connection Speed : Most ISPs have very fast
connections to the Internet.
• Powerful Hardware: ISPs often have powerful web
servers that can be shared by several companies. You
can also expect them to have an effective load
balancing, and necessary backup servers.
• Security and Stability : ISPs are specialists on web
hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99%
up time, the latest software matches, and the best
virus protection. 26
 Things to Consider with an Amity School of Business

ISP
• 24-hour support : Make sure your ISP offers 24-
hours support. Don't put yourself in a situation where
you cannot fix critical problems without having to
wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could
be vital if you don't want to pay for long distance
calls.
• Daily Backup : Make sure your ISP runs a daily
backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable
data.
• Traffic Volume: Study the ISP's traffic volume
restrictions. Make sure that you don't have to pay a
fortune for unexpected high traffic if your web site
becomes popular.. 27
Things to Consider with an Amity School of Business

ISP
• Bandwidth or Content Restrictions: Study the ISP's
bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to
publish pictures or broadcast video or sound, make
sure that you can
• E-mail Capabilities : Make sure your ISP supports
the e-mail capabilities you need.
• Front Page Extensions: If you use FrontPage to
develop your web site, make sure your ISP supports
FrontPage server extensions.
• Database Access: If you plan to use data from
databases on your web site, make sure your ISP
supports the database access you need.
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ISP Structure and Services Amity School of Business

• From a prospective customer’s view, one important item to

understand is Bandwidth. The market consists of several
national service providers (NSPs) like MCI (Microwaves
Communication, Incorporation) and Sprint. Each company
operate networks of high-speed lines across the united
states and globally. Most ISPs get their T1(1.54Mbps)
internet “feed” from NSPs. Then they resell connection to
dial-up customers.
• ISPs are facilities based or virtual. “Facilities-Based ISPs
own dial-up access servers or switches”. “Virtual ISPs
provide Internet Service using the equipment of a
facilities-based ISP”. They offer the services of real ISP
under their own company or brand name.
• Facilities-based ISPs have significant start-up cost
associated with hardware and software purchases and
Internet access leases. Operating costs are also high,
because they need technical support staff 24 hours a day
to manage the network and ensure reliable service. 29
ISP Structure and Services Amity School of Business

• Virtual ISPs do not have any these costs. Hardware,

Software and technical support are provided by
facilities-based ISP. Capital expenditure can be
focused on marketing and sales to generate new
customers.

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Web Hosting Domain Names Amity School of Business
• Domain Name: A domain name is a unique name for a
web site, like yahoo. Com. Domain names must be
registered. When domain names are registered, they
are added to a large domain name register. In
addition, information about the web site, including the
IP address, is stored on a DNS server.
• DNS stands for Domain Name System. A DNS server
is responsible for informing all other computers on
the Internet about the domain name and the web site
address.
• Registering a Domain : Domains can be registered
from domain name registration companies. These
companies provide interfaces to search for available
domain names, and they offer a variety of domain
name extensions that can be registered at the same 31
 Web Hosting Domain Name Amity School of Business

• Choosing a Domain Name : Choosing a domain name is

a major step for any individual or organization.
– New domain name extensions and creative thinking
still offer thousands of excellent domain names!
– When choosing a name, it is important to consider
the purpose of a domain name, which is to provide an
easy way to reach your web site.
– The best domains have the following characteristics:
– Short - People don't like to type! A short domain
name is easier to type, read, and remember.
– Meaningful - A short domain is nothing without
meaning, 34i4nh.com is not easy to enter or to
remember. Select a domain that relates to your site
in a way that people will understand. 32
Web Hosting Domain Name Amity School of Business

– Clear - Clarity is important when selecting a

domain name. Avoid a name that is difficult to spell
or pronounce.
– Exposure - Names that are short and easy to
remember are an asset. In addition to visitors, also
consider search engines. Search engines index your
site and rank it for relevance against terms people
search for. In order to maximize your sites
exposure, consider including a relevant search
term in your domain. Of course, only consider this
if it still maintains a short, clear and meaningful
domain name. 33
 Web Hosting Capacities Amity School of Business

• How Much Disk Space?

A small or medium web site will need between 10 and
100MB of disk space. If you look at the size of HTML
pages, you will see that the average size is very small.
But if you look at the size of the images used inside
these pages, you will often find the images larger
than the page. Expect each HTML page to take up
between 5 and 50KB of disk space on your web
server, depending on the use of images or other
space-consuming elements. If you use a lot of images
or graphic elements (or sound files or movies), you
might need much more disk space.
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 Web Hosting E-mail Amity School of Business

Services
• Hosting services should include e-mail accounts and e-mail
services.
• E-mail Accounts
• Hosting solutions should include e-mail accounts for each
person in your company.
E-mail addresses should appear something like this:
john@mycompany.com, john.doe@mycompany.com ,
jdoe@mycompany.com
• POP E-mail
• POP stands for Post Office Protocol. POP is a standard
client/server protocol for sending and receiving e-mail.
The e-mails are received and held on your internet server
until you pick it up with a client e-mail program, like
Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird.
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 Web Hosting E-mail Amity School of Business
IMAP Email Services
• IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP
is another standard protocol for sending and receiving e-
mail. The e-mails are received, and held on your internet
server, until you pick it up with a client e-mail program,
like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird.
• IMAP represents an improvement over POP because e-mail
stored on an IMAP server can be manipulated from several
computers (a computer at home, a workstation at the
office, etc.), without having to transfer messages back
and forth between computers. POP was designed to
support e-mail access on one single computer.
Web-based E-mail
• Web-based e-mail services enable you to access your e-
mail via a web browser. You log into your e-mail account via
the Web to send and retrieve e-mail. Being able to access
your e-mail from any browser anywhere in the world is a
very attractive option. Examples of web-based e-mail
services are Gmail and Hotmail. 36
 Packet and Protocol Amity School of Business

• Packet – a packet is a sequence of bits that carries

identifying information for transmitting the data as well
as data itself. A single packet contains a header to keep
track of the actual data it. The general size of packet is
between 100 and 2000 octets (bytes)
• Protocol – a rule that governs how communication should
be conducted between two parties, two computers or a
source and destination. “Protocols are pieces of software
that run on every node or computer and allow every pair of
computer to communicate directly without having to know
much about each other, except for the IP address.”
• Packets and Internet Protocols (IP) have one thing in
common: One cannot function without the other.
For example, when A dials B, B answers the phone by
saying “Hello”. So the term Hello is the protocol for
answering the phone. 37