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Chemical Processes
Chapter 2
accuracy and complexity on one hand, and the cost and effort
required to develop the model, on the other hand.
• Process modeling is both an art and a science. Creativity is
required to make simplifying assumptions that result in an
appropriate model.
• Dynamic models of chemical processes consist of ordinary
differential equations (ODE) and/or partial differential equations
(PDE), plus related algebraic equations.
Table 2.1. A Systematic Approach for
Developing Dynamic Models
1. State the modeling objectives and the end use of the model.
They determine the required levels of model detail and model
accuracy.
Chapter 2
Conservation of Mass
�rate of mass � � rate of mass � � rate of mass �
Chapter 2
� �= � �- � � (2-6)
accumulation
��� in out
Conservation of Component i
�rate of component i � � rate of component i �
� �= � �
��accumulation in
•Dangerous to extrapolate
Semi-empirical
•Compromise of first two approaches
•Model structure may be simpler
•Typically 2 to 10 physical parameters estimated
(nonlinear regression)
•Good versatility, can be extrapolated
•Can be run in real-time
• linear regression
y = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2
• nonlinear regression
y = K 1 - e -t /
Chapter 2
d Vρx
= w1 x1 + w2 x2 - wx (2-3)
dt
dV
r = w1 + w2 - w (2-12)
dt
r d Vx
= w1x1 + w2 x2 - wx (2-13)
dt
Equation 2-13 can be simplified by expanding the accumulation
term using the “chain rule” for differentiation of a product:
d Vx dx dV
r = rV + rx (2-14)
dt dt dt
Substitution of (2-14) into (2-13) gives:
dx dV
Chapter 2
rV + r x = w1x1 + w2 x2 - wx (2-15)
dt dt
Substitution of the mass balance in (2-12) for r dV/dt in (2-15)
gives:
dx
rV + x w1 + w2 - w = w1x1 + w2 x2 - wx (2-16)
dt
After canceling common terms and rearranging (2-12) and (2-16),
a more convenient model form is obtained:
dV 1
= w1 + w2 - w (2-17)
dt r
dx w1 w2
= x1 - x + x2 - x (2-18)
dt V r Vr
Graphical Results
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Stirred-Tank Heating Process
Assumptions:
dU int )
dt
= -D wH + Q (2-10)
D = denotes the difference
U int = the internal energy of between outlet and inlet
the system conditions of the flowing
) streams; therefore
H = enthalpy per unit mass )
w = mass flow rate
-Δ wH = rate of enthalpy of the inlet
Q = rate of heat transfer to the system stream(s) - the enthalpy
of the outlet stream(s)
Model Development - I
For a pure liquid at low or moderate pressures, the internal energy
is approximately equal to the enthalpy, Uint �H, and H depends
only on temperature. Consequently, in the subsequent
development, we assume that Uint = H and Uˆ int = Hˆ where the
Chapter 2
Note that this term appears in the general energy balance of Eq. 2-
10.
Suppose that the liquid in the tank is at a temperature T and has an
enthalpy, Ĥ . Integrating Eq. 2-29 from a reference temperature
Tref to T gives,
Hˆ - Hˆ ref = C T - Tref (2-32)
where Hˆ ref is the value of Ĥ at Tref. Without loss of generality, we
assume that Hˆ ref = 0 (see Appendix B). Thus, (2-32) can be
written as:
Hˆ = C T - Tref (2-33)
Model Development - III
For the inlet stream
Hˆ i = C Ti - Tref (2-34)
Chapter 2
-D wHˆ = w �
C Ti - Tref �- w �
� � �
C T - Tref � (2-35)
�
dT
V rC = wC (Ti - T ) + ws DH v (1)
dt
0 = wC (Ti - T ) + w s DH v (2)
subtract (2) from (1)
dT
V rC = wC (T - T ) + ( ws - w s )DH v
dt
divide by wC
V r dT DH v
= T -T + ( ws - ws )
w dt wC
Define deviation variables (from set point)
dynamics")
Stirred tank heater: assume a "lag" between heating
element temperature Te, and process fluid temp, T.
heat transfer limitation = heA(Te – T)
Energy balances
Chapter 2
dT
wCTi +h e A(Te -T)-wCT=mC
Tank: dt
dTe
Q - h e A(Te - T) = m e C e
Chest: dt
dT dT
= 0, e = 0
dt dt
At s.s.
Specify Q calc. T, Te
2 first order equations 1 second order equation in T
Relate T to Q (Te is an intermediate variable)
y=T-T u=Q-Q Ti fixed
mm e C e d 2 y m e C e m e C e m dy 1
2
+
+ +
+ y = u
wh e A e dt heAe wC w dt wC
Fig. 2.2
Rv
1
q= h Rv: line resistance
Rv
dh 1
A = qi - h P = p + rgh (2 - 57)
dt Rv
Chapter 2
linear ODE
P = p + rgh
*
If q = Cv P - Pa Pa : ambient pressure
dh
A = qi - Cρgh
v
*
q = Ci - hv (2-61)
dt
nonlinear ODE
Chapter 2
Table 2.2. Degrees of Freedom Analysis
1. List all quantities in the model that are known constants (or
parameters that can be specified) on the basis of equipment
dimensions, known physical properties, etc.
2. Determine the number of equations NE and the number of
Chapter 2
4 variables: T , Ti , w, Q
1 equation: Eq. 2-36
Chapter 2
Monod Equation
Chapter 2
rg = m X (2-93)
• Cells:
• Product:
• Substrate:
d ( XV )
= V rg (2-98)
dt
d PV
= Vrp (2-99)
Chapter 2
dt
d( SV ) 1 1
= F Sf - V rg - V rP (2-100)
dt YX / S YP / S
d (V )
= F (2-101)
dt
Chapter 2