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d Vρx
w1 x1 w2 x2 wx (2-3)
dt
2
Table 2.2. Degrees of Freedom Analysis
1. List all quantities in the model that are known constants (or
parameters that can be specified) on the basis of equipment
dimensions, known physical properties, etc.
2. Determine the number of equations NE and the number of
Chapter 2
Conservation of Mass
rate of mass rate of mass rate of mass
Chapter 2
Conservation of Component i
rate of component i rate of component i
accumulation in
8
For the processes and examples considered in this book, it
is appropriate to make two assumptions:
where H is the enthalpy per mole and w is the molar flow rate.
energy balances in Eqs. 2-10 and 2-11, expressions for Uint and Ĥ
or H are required, which can be derived from thermodynamics.
V x w1 x1 w2 x2 wx (2-15)
dt dt
Substitution of the mass balance in (2-12) for dV/dt in (2-15)
gives:
dx
V x w1 w2 w w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-16)
dt
After canceling common terms and rearranging (2-12) and (2-16),
a more convenient model form is obtained:
dV 1
w1 w2 w (2-17)
dt
dx w1 w2
x1 x x2 x (2-18)
dt V V 11
Chapter 2 EXAMPLE 2.1
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
19
Chapter 2
20
Chapter 2
21
Chapter 2
22
EXAMPLE 2.2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Stirred-Tank Heating Process
Chapter 2
25
Stirred-Tank Heating Process (cont’d.)
Assumptions:
26
Model Development - I
For a pure liquid at low or moderate pressures, the internal
energy is approximately equal to the enthalpy, Uint H , and H
depends only on temperature. Consequently, in the
ˆ =
subsequent development, we assume that UUint ˆ
int H H
and
Chapter 2
Note that this term appears in the general energy balance of Eq. 2-
10.
Suppose that the liquid in the tank is at a temperature T and has an
enthalpy, Ĥ . Integrating Eq. 2-29 from a reference temperature
Tref to T gives,
Hˆ Hˆ ref C T Tref (2-32)
where Hˆ ref is the value of Ĥ at Tref. Without loss of generality, we
assume that Hˆ ref 0 (see Appendix B). Thus, (2-32) can be
written as:
Hˆ C T Tref (2-33)
28
Model Development - III
For the inlet stream
Hˆ i C Ti Tref (2-34)
Chapter 2
wHˆ w C Ti Tref w C T Tref
(2-35)
29
Degrees of Freedom Analysis for the Stirred-Tank
Model:
3 parameters: V , ,C
4 variables: T , Ti , w, Q
1 equation: Eq. 2-36
Chapter 2
31
CSTR: Model Development
Assumptions:
1. Single, irreversible reaction, A → B.
2. Perfect mixing.
3. The liquid volume V is kept constant by an overflow line.
4. The mass densities of the feed and product streams are equal
and constant. They are denoted by .
Chapter 2
Because and V are constant, . Thus, the mass balance is not required.
Chapter 2
33
Assumptions for the Unsteady-state Energy Balance:
Chapter 2
34
Chapter 2
35